It may also be broadly decomposed into plant agriculture, which concerns the cultivation of useful plants,[12] and animal agriculture, the production of agricultural animals. Agriculture Nutrient inputs can be chemical inorganic fertilizers, manure, green manure, compost and minerals. The word agriculture is a late Middle English adaptation of Latin agricultra, from ager 'field' and cultra 'cultivation' or 'growing'. The Haber-Bosch method allowed the synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on an industrial scale, greatly increasing crop yields and sustaining a further increase in global population. Herbicide-tolerant crops are used by farmers worldwide. AGRICULTURE [189] Agriculture is one of the most important drivers of environmental pressures, particularly habitat change, climate change, water use and toxic emissions. ture. [145] Some of the practices used in commercial livestock production, including the usage of growth hormones, are controversial. Careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. [27] The horse was domesticated in the Eurasian Steppes around 3500 BC. Synonyms of agriculture. [51][52], In the Americas, crops domesticated in Mesoamerica (apart from teosinte) include squash, beans, and cacao. Commodities are generally reported by production quantities, such as volume, number or weight. Text taken from In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2018. [77] In two regions of Australia, the central west coast and eastern central, early farmers cultivated yams, native millet, and bush onions, possibly in permanent settlements. Biological engineeringor bioengineeringis the application of engineering principles to the design and transformation of technology for use toward solving biological problems. It also generates 64% of the ammonia emission. 2021. [252][253][254], Agricultural policy is the set of government decisions and actions relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. [143], Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. Agriculture Definition [246][247], The scientific study of agriculture began in the 18th century, when Johann Friedrich Mayer conducted experiments on the use of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate) as a fertilizer. [13], The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering. [139], Eutrophication, excessive nutrient enrichment in aquatic ecosystems resulting in algal blooms and anoxia, leads to fish kills, loss of biodiversity, and renders water unfit for drinking and other industrial uses. "Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations." Origins of agriculture [123][124], Around the world, women make up a large share of the population employed in agriculture. [174], Domestication of plants has, over the centuries increased yield, improved disease resistance and drought tolerance, eased harvest and improved the taste and nutritional value of crop plants. They include structural adjustment reforms, road sector reform, banking sector reform, It also provides an additional justification of why targeted research on the distributional benefits of. Agriculture is the main source of toxins released into the environment, including insecticides, especially those used on [216] The agriculture, forestry and land use sector contribute between 13% and 21% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Pesticides kill insects, plants and fungi. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! [184][185] Some studies also link widespread glyphosate usage to iron deficiencies in some crops, which is both a crop production and a nutritional quality concern, with potential economic and health implications. l / Add to word list used for farming or relating to farming: The world's supply of agricultural land is shrinking fast. [109][110][111] Over time, a combination of labour supply and labour demand trends have driven down the share of population employed in agriculture. Agriculture is the main source of toxins released into the environment, including insecticides, especially those used on WebGlossary of agriculture Tools This glossary of agriculture is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in agriculture, its sub-disciplines, and related fields. Chemical (pesticides), biological (biocontrol), mechanical (tillage), and cultural practices are used. the production of crops, livestock, or poultry. Agricultural sciences [235], Agricultural economics is economics as it relates to the "production, distribution and consumption of [agricultural] goods and services". [105], The International Fund for Agricultural Development posits that an increase in smallholder agriculture may be part of the solution to concerns about food prices and overall food security, given the favorable experience of Vietnam. Agricultural Definition [171], In a 2022 report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change describes how human-induced warming has slowed growth of agricultural productivity over the past 50 years in mid and low latitudes. 1 bushel of maize=56pounds 25.401kg, "Strategies for Pest Control", pp. Farming started in the predynastic period at the end of the Paleolithic, after 10,000 BC. [29][30][31], In Eurasia, the Sumerians started to live in villages from about 8,000 BC, relying on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and a canal system for irrigation. AGRICULTURE Neither included subsidies in their analysis, but they noted that subsidies also influence the cost of agriculture to society. ture. The three crops were winter squash, maize, and climbing beans. Plant selection and breeding in the 1920s and 1930s improved pasture (grasses and clover) in New Zealand. [45] By the late 2nd century, heavy ploughs had been developed with iron ploughshares and mouldboards. [172] Methane emissions have negatively impacted crop yields by increasing temperatures and surface ozone concentrations. Agricultural It covers topics such as agronomy, plant breeding and genetics, plant pathology, crop modelling, soil science, entomology, production techniques and improvement, study of pests and their management, and study of adverse environmental effects such as soil degradation, waste management, and bioremediation. Agricultural - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms the production of crops, livestock, or poultry. Agriculture is the art and science of growing plants and other crops and raising animals for food, other human needs, or economic gain. The whole structure combines two descriptive introductory clauses: (1) the art and science of growing plants and other crops and (2) the art and science of raising animals. [231] Food systems encompass not just agriculture but off-farm processing, packaging, transporting, marketing, consumption, and disposal of food and food-related items. They include the technologies of soil cultivation, crop cultivation and harvesting, animal production, and the processing of plant and animal products for human consumption and use. Webcrop, in agriculture, a plant or plant product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. the business, science, or activity of farming: Recent floods have devastated the states agriculture, with sharp declines in its production Cotton, wool, and leather are all agricultural products. Agriculture [1] Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. [224], Agricultural automation can help address some of the challenges associated with climate change and thus facilitate adaptation efforts. [232] Together, direct and indirect consumption by US farms accounts for about 2% of the nation's energy use. Agriculture Webagriculture definition: 1. farming: 2. farming: 3. the practice or work of farming: . more highly processed products) provided by the supply chain. [243], However, as of 2009[update], there was still a significant amount of policy-driven distortion in global agricultural product prices. AGRICULTURAL Global agricultural production amounts to approximately 11 billion tonnes of food,[3] 32 million tonnes of natural fibres[4] and 4 billion m3 of wood. [87], In shifting cultivation, a small area of forest is cleared by cutting and burning the trees. Webnoun [ U ] COMMERCE uk / rklt r/ us. Synthetic fertilizers are more heavily relied upon for crop production and manure use becomes a challenge as well as a source for pollution. Integrated pest management attempts to use all of these methods to keep pest populations below the number which would cause economic loss, and recommends pesticides as a last resort. [173], Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of years, since the beginning of civilization. This article incorporates text from a free content work. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. Web1. [108] As countries develop, other jobs have historically pulled workers away from agriculture, and labour-saving innovations increase agricultural productivity by reducing labour requirements per unit of output. agronomy. [140], Animal husbandry is the breeding and raising of animals for meat, milk, eggs, or wool, and for work and transport. [206] Increasing pressure is being placed on water resources by industry and urban areas, meaning that water scarcity is increasing and agriculture is facing the challenge of producing more food for the world's growing population with reduced water resources. [175][176], The Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to sharply increase yield by creating "high-yielding varieties". Add agricultural to one of your lists below, or create a new one. [162] For example, autonomous crop robots can harvest and seed crops, while drones can gather information to help automate input application. AGRICULTURE [241], National government policies, such as taxation, subsidies, tariffs and others, can significantly change the economic marketplace for agricultural products. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'agricultural.' Synonyms of agriculture. Agriculture Definition Agriculture provides most of the worlds food and fabrics. [105] It can also be caused by a country's structural characteristics such as income status and natural resource endowments as well as its political economy. See also agricultural technology. Paragraph 4, in: Summary and Recommendations, in: Conversion note: 1 bushel of wheat=60pounds (lb) 27.215kg. Webadjective uk / .rkl.t r. l / us / .rkl.t. Widespread use of plastic mulch and lack of systematic collection and management have led to the generation of large amounts of mulch residue. Contents: A The natives controlled fire on a regional scale to create a low-intensity fire ecology that sustained a low-density agriculture in loose rotation; a sort of "wild" permaculture. 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. [80], After 1492, the Columbian exchange brought New World crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips, and livestock (including horses, cattle, sheep and goats) to the Americas. Series B, Biological sciences vol. [37] Cattle, sheep and goats were domesticated in Mehrgarh culture by 8,0006,000 BC. Agriculture [155] Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use worldwide. [139] Mixed production systems use grassland, fodder crops and grain feed crops as feed for ruminant and monogastric (one stomach; mainly chickens and pigs) livestock. Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. Webadjective Definition of agricultural as in agrarian engaged in or concerned with agriculture he grew up in an agricultural community and farming was still in his blood Synonyms & Similar Words Relevance agrarian farming agronomic rural arable monocultural aquacultural pastoral bucolic country garden pastoralist georgic rustical arboricultural [74] Scholars have pointed out that hunter-gatherers need a productive environment to support gathering without cultivation. WebThe meaning of AGRICULTURAL is of, relating to, used in, or concerned with agriculture. cleared the land to use it for agriculture. 355383 in. [2] However, five of every six farms in the world consist of less than two hectares and take up only around 12 percent of all agricultural land. Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 9,000 years ago. [125] Women make up 47 percent of the agricultural workforce in sub-Saharan Africa, a rate that has not changed significantly in the past few decades. Climate change affects agriculture through changes in average temperatures, rainfall, and weather extremes (like storms and heat waves); changes in pests and diseases; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods;[169] and changes in sea level. the state's main agricultural product. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and environmental damage. [235], The total amount of plastics used in agriculture is difficult to quantify. One view is that agricultural automation refers to autonomous navigation by robots without human intervention. Scientists estimate that 75% of the growth in livestock production between 2003 and 2030 will be in confined animal feeding operations, sometimes called factory farming. Yield increases with inputs such as fertilisers and removal of pathogens, predators, and competitors (such as weeds). [103] Economists measure the total factor productivity of agriculture, according to which agriculture in the United States is roughly 1.7 times more productive than it was in 1948. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. Agriculture Webrelating to or used in or promoting agriculture or farming agricultural engineering modern agricultural (or farming) methods agricultural (or farm) equipment an agricultural college adjective relating to rural matters synonyms: agrarian, farming rural living in or characteristic of farming or country life Pronunciation US [91][92], From the twentieth century onwards, intensive agriculture increased crop productivity. [168] On the other hand, if forcedly promoted, for example through government subsidies in contexts of abundant rural labour, it can lead to labour displacement and falling or stagnant wages, particularly affecting poor and low-skilled workers. ture a-gri-kl-chr. Webnoun the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock synonyms: farming, husbandry see more noun a large-scale farming enterprise synonyms: agribusiness, factory farm see more noun the class of people engaged in growing food see more Pronunciation US /grkltr/ UK /grklt/ Cite this entry Style: MLA "Agriculture." [168], Climate change and agriculture are interrelated on a global scale. [217] Emissions of nitrous oxide, methane make up over half of total greenhouse gas emission from agriculture. [104], Despite increases in agricultural production and productivity,[105] between 702 and 828 million people were affected by hunger in 2021. [88], Subsistence farming is practiced to satisfy family or local needs alone, with little left over for transport elsewhere. This type of farming is practiced mainly in areas with abundant rainfall where the forest regenerates quickly. Agriculture Definition Costs decrease with increasing scale of farm units, such as making fields larger; this means removing hedges, ditches and other areas of habitat. Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock. Agricultural means involving or relating to agriculture . Biological engineeringor bioengineeringis the application of engineering principles to the design and transformation of technology for use toward solving biological problems. l / uk / .rkl.t r. l / used for farming or relating to farming: The world's supply of agricultural land is shrinking fast. Synonyms of agriculture. Experiential learning Learning experiences that usually take place outside of the classroom, supervised by the agriculture instructor. [220] South and Southeast Asia and South America were the largest emitters of production-based GHGs. Agriculture (Most of the time.). [53] Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC. [193][194], Agriculture seeks to increase yield and to reduce costs, often employing measures that cut biodiversity to very low levels. [162] While automation technologies reduce labour needs for the newly automated tasks, they also generate new labour demand for other tasks, such as equipment maintenance and operation. Webnoun [ U ] COMMERCE uk / rklt r/ us. [244] Unprocessed commodities such as corn, soybeans, and cattle are generally graded to indicate quality, affecting the price the producer receives. [79], Thanks to the exchange with the Al-Andalus where the Arab Agricultural Revolution was underway, European agriculture transformed, with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees (such as the orange). They include the technologies of soil cultivation, crop cultivation and harvesting, animal production, and the processing of plant and animal products for human consumption and use. [157] Agricultural water usage can also cause major environmental problems, including the destruction of natural wetlands, the spread of water-borne diseases, and land degradation through salinization and waterlogging, when irrigation is performed incorrectly. Crop Then, wild stands that had previously been harvested started to be planted, and gradually came to be domesticated. Since the 1980s, policy-driven distortions have decreases more among livestock products than crops during the worldwide reforms in agricultural policy. (license statement/permission). For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. [155], Other potential sustainable practices include conservation agriculture, agroforestry, improved grazing, avoided grassland conversion, and biochar. [5] However, around 14 percent of the world's food is lost from production before reaching the retail level.[6]. Is Agriculture, Definition of Agriculture [203], Agriculture simultaneously is facing growing freshwater demand and precipitation anomalies (droughts, floods, and extreme rainfall and weather events) on rainfed areasfields and grazing lands. cleared the land to use it for agriculture. Agricultural means involving or relating to agriculture . Ploughs appear in pictographs around 3,000 BC; seed-ploughs around 2,300 BC. Is Agriculture, Definition of Agriculture [148], Tillage is the practice of breaking up the soil with tools such as the plow or harrow to prepare for planting, for nutrient incorporation, or for pest control. [102], By 2015, the agricultural output of China was the largest in the world, followed by the European Union, India and the United States. Between the mid-1980s and the early 2000s, several international agreements limited agricultural tariffs, subsidies and other trade restrictions. [61] Animals including llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs were domesticated there. Genetically modified organisms are widely used, although some countries ban them. AGRICULTURAL [53] Cocoa was being domesticated by the Mayo Chinchipe of the upper Amazon around 3,000 BC. [66] The domesticated strawberry is a hybrid of a Chilean and a North American species, developed by breeding in Europe and North America. [131] The organization has developed the Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001, which covers the range of risks in the agriculture occupation, the prevention of these risks and the role that individuals and organizations engaged in agriculture should play. This includes gases from the use of inorganic fertilizers, agro-chemical pesticides, and herbicides, as well as fossil fuel-energy inputs. Sheep, goats, pigs and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. [125] However, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) posits that the roles and responsibilities of women in agriculture may be changing for example, from subsistence farming to wage employment, and from contributing household members to primary producers in the context of male-out-migration. Policy programs can range from financial programs, such as subsidies, to encouraging producers to enroll in voluntary quality assurance programs. Similarly, worldwide average wheat yields have increased from less than 1 t/ha in 1900 to more than 2.5 t/ha in 1990. Cultural practices include crop rotation, culling, cover crops, intercropping, composting, avoidance, and resistance. Learn more. [116] The service sector overtook the agricultural sector as the largest global employer in 2007. 187218 in, Hoffmann, U., Section B: Agriculture a key driver and a major victim of global warming, in: Lead Article, in: Chapter 1, in. [231] In particular, the production of nitrogen fertilizer can account for over half of agricultural energy usage. [219], Approximately 57% of global GHG emissions from the production of food are from the production of animal-based food while plant-based foods contribute 29% and the remaining 14% is for other utilizations. Agriculture Definition Webadjective uk / .rkl.t r. l / us / .rkl.t. The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From? agricultural methods. [192], Agriculture imposes multiple external costs upon society through effects such as pesticide damage to nature (especially herbicides and insecticides), nutrient runoff, excessive water usage, and loss of natural environment. "Agricultural Production Systems". [19][20] Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with the earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC,[21] followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. rich agricultural land. In contrast, the average wheat yield in countries such as France is over 8 t/ha. [198] Livestock production occupies 70% of all land used for agriculture, or 30% of the land surface of the planet. Because of the low biodiversity, nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up, necessitating the greater use of pesticides and fertilizers. [202] Fertilisers also reduce terrestrial biodiversity by increasing competition for light, favouring those species that are able to benefit from the added nutrients. The agricultural population under feudalism was typically organized into manors consisting of several hundred or more acres of land presided over by a lord of the manor with a Roman Catholic church and priest. [76] There is evidence of 'intensification' across the whole continent over that period. [160] Alternatively it is defined as the accomplishment of production tasks through mobile, autonomous, decision-making, mechatronic devices. Manure is typically recycled in mixed systems as a fertilizer for crops. [34] Ancient Egyptian agriculture relied on the Nile River and its seasonal flooding. Learn a new word every day. [240] In the United States, and elsewhere, food costs attributed to food processing, distribution, and agricultural marketing, sometimes referred to as the value chain, have risen while the costs attributed to farming have declined. [235], Agricultural plastics, especially plastic films, are not easy to recycle because of high contamination levels (up to 4050% by weight contamination by pesticides, fertilizers, soil and debris, moist vegetation, silage juice water, and UV stabilizers) and collection difficulties . [177][178][179], Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered by genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology.
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