Burma Reprisals, Rape, and Children Burned Alive: Burma's Rohingya Speak of Genocidal Terror A Rohingya Muslim woman and her son cry after being caught by Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB). Sultan Mahmud, a former politician in British India, became Minister of Health in the cabinet of Prime Minister of Burma U Nu. ", "Rohingya crisis: Suu Kyi says 'all in Rakhine defended', "Dhaka claims 3,000 Rohingyas have been killed by Myanmar security forces", "Rohingya crisis: Suu Kyi does not fear global 'scrutiny',", "Aung San Suu Kyi, a Much-Changed Icon, Evades Rohingya Accusations,", "5 dubious claims Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi made in her speech,", "Myanmar: bodies of 28 Hindu villagers found in Rakhine, army claims,", "Grave of 28 Hindus Killed by Rohingya Militants Found, Says Myanmar Army,", "Myanmar searches for more Hindu corpses as mass grave unearthed,", "Exclusive: Forced to remove sindoor, read namaz: Horror engulfs Hindu Rohingya women in camps,", "Rohingya refugees have 'absolutely nothing'; A perilous journey for Rohingya refugees,", "Rohingya crisis: UN chief warns of 'humanitarian nightmare',", "Myanmar refugee exodus tops 500,000 as more Rohingya flee,", "Asia's largest refugee crisis: Myanmar tops as 500,000 Rohingya flee,", "Myanmar, Bangladesh 'sign Rohingya deal', "First group of Rohingya refugees returns to Myanmar", "Bangladesh pushes on with Rohingya island plan", "Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh face relocation to island", "Rohingya relocation to Bhasan Char to start by mid-April", "Bangladesh to move Rohingya to flood-prone island next month", "Bangladesh: Move Rohingya from Dangerous Silt Island", "Beyond the Coup in Myanmar: The Views of Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh", "Statement of the National Unity Government of Myanmar on the 4th Anniversary of the Atrocity Crimes against the Rohingya People in 2017 MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS", "Why the National Unity Government's Statement on Myanmar's Rohingya Is Important", "Exclusive: 'Strong evidence' of genocide in Myanmar", "Burma Is Pursuing 'Ethnic Cleansing' of Rohingya, U.N. Says", "Myanmar 'planned' Rohingya attacks, possibly 'genocide': UN rights chief", "Japan: Cut Defense Ties with Myanmar Military", "New evidence shows how Myanmar's military planned the Rohingya purge", "48,000 babies to be born in Rohingya refugee camps this year", "An army crackdown sends thousands fleeing in Myanmar", "The Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar: Past, Present, and Future", "Bangladeshis should remember their own history when it comes to the fleeing Rohingya Muslims", "Religious conversions hits Rohingya camp in Bengaluru", "Rohingya Muslims India Needs to Show Compassion", "Rohingya Face Health Care Bias in Parts of Asia, Study Finds", "Bangladesh accused of 'crackdown' on Rohingya refugees", "Myanmar, Bangladesh leaders 'to discuss Rohingya', "Rohingya Muslims: Myanmar's Forgotten People", "Sanctuary Under a Plastic SheetThe Unresolved Problem of Rohingya Refugees", "Myanmar The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied", "UNHCR threatens to wind up Bangladesh operations", "The unending plight of Burma's unwanted Rohingyas", "Asia-Pacific | Burmese exiles in desperate conditions", Thai PM admits boat people pushed out to sea, "Myanmar to repatriate 9,000 Muslim refugees from B'desh", "Myanmar to take back 9,000 Rohingyas soon", "Myanmar to 'take back' Rohingya refugees", "Little help for the persecuted Rohingya of Burma", "No registration for 'Rohingya' in Myanmar census", "Burma census bans people registering as Rohingya", "House passes resolution pressuring Burmese government to end genocide", "Campaigns of violence towards Rohingya are highly organised and genocidal in intent", "Justice and the Rohingya people are the losers in Asia's new cold war", "Malaysia Could Send Rohingya Detainees Back Out to Sea: Sources", "Malaysia can't take any more Rohingya refugees, PM says", "Militant Rohingya group raises funds in Malaysia by extorting money from Muslim refugees", "Burma's Western Border as Reported by the Diplomatic Correspondence (19471975)", "A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire written by Francis Buchanan", International Center for Transitional Justice, Myanmar, "The 'Rohingyas', Who Are They? They're not alone. In recognition of his kingdom's vassal status, the Buddhist kings of Arakan received Islamic titles and used the Bengali gold dinar within the kingdom. They are subjected to routine forced labour. The Mughals placed the northern part of Arakan under its administration and vassalage. [170] In 1962 military dictator General Ne Win, took over the government and started implementing a Nationalist agenda, which had its roots in racial discrimination. [109][195], The military junta that ruled Myanmar for half a century relied heavily on mixing Burmese nationalism and Theravada Buddhism to bolster its rule, and, in the view of the US government, heavily discriminated against minorities like the Rohingyas. The study[88] also estimated that 18,000+ the Rohingya Muslim women and girls were raped, 116,000 Rohingya were beaten, 36,000 Rohingya were thrown into fire[88][252][253][254][255][256], According to BBC reporters, during the summer of 2017, the Myanmar military began arming and training Rakhine Buddhist natives in northern Rakhine state, and in late summer advised that any ethnic Rakhines "wishing to protect their state" would be given the opportunity to join "the local armed police." Rohingya people - Wikipedia Chat with Rohingya Language Advocates: Zafor Alom and Saifullah Muhammad It was also announced that 234people suspected of being connected to the attack were arrested. Although it boosted the colonial economy, local Arakanese bitterly resented it. 396,504 were Indian Muslims and 1,474 Chinese Muslims, while 186,861 were Burmese Muslims. Authorities quoted the refugee as saying about 300 ARSA militants, on 25 August, marched about 100 people out of the Hindu village and killed them. [171], As of 2017, Burma does not have a single Rohingya MP and the Rohingya population have no voting rights.[172]. [231] The crackdown resulted in wide-scale human rights violations at the hands of security forces, including extrajudicial killings, gang rapes, arsons, and other brutalities. Racism towards people with links to the Indian subcontinent increased after the 1962 Burmese coup. [107], The Rohingya population is concentrated in the historical region of Arakan, an old coastal country in Southeast Asia. The 1983 census conducted under the Ne Win's government omitted people in volatile regions. Who Are The Rohingya? Myanmar's Long-Persecuted Ethnic Minority During the same time a separate administrative zone May Yu was established comprising most of the present North Rakhine State, which had Rohingya as its majority ethnic group. [84], In 2015, the Simon-Skjodt Centre of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum stated in a press statement the Rohingyas are "at grave risk of additional mass atrocities and even genocide". He would speak of leaving home for days . Chatgaya vs. Rohingya | The Daily Star Eight major ethnicities Arakan, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Kayah, Mon, Shan, and Burmese were broken into 135 small ethnic groups. [330] Despite earlier repatriation efforts by the UN, the vast majority of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh are unable to return to Myanmar due to the communal violence which occurred there in 2012 and their fear of persecution. [149] In 2015, to escape violence and persecution, thousands of Rohingyas migrated from Myanmar and Bangladesh, collectively dubbed as 'boat people' by international media,[217] to Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand by rickety boats via the waters of the Strait of Malacca and the Andaman Sea. A Malaysian newspaper claimed crisis has been sparked by smugglers. [151], Due to the difficult terrain of the Arakan Mountains, the Arakan region was historically most accessible by sea. Published December 20, 2017 The Rohingya, the persecuted Muslim ethnic minority in Myanmar, will soon be able to text, write emails, and post online in their own language. [193], Rakhines' views are more critical. The Rohingya community have also been known as Arakanese Indians and Arakanese Muslims. ", This page was last edited on 27 May 2023, at 21:18. Failure of a British counter-offensive, attempted from December 1942 to April 1943, resulted in the abandonment of even more of the Muslim population as well as an increase in inter-communal violence. ", "Managing the defence and security council", "Four killed as Rohingya Muslims riot in Myanmar: government", "Myanmar stung by global censure over unrest", "Ethnic Cleansing of Myanmar's Rohingyas", "UNHCR One year on: Displacement in Rakhine state, Myanmar", "Burmese authorities targeting Rohingyas, UK parliament told", "UN refugee agency redeploys staff to address humanitarian needs in Myanmar", " ", "Myanmar's Military: Back to the Barracks? [30] While both Rohingya and Chittagonian are related to Bengali, they are not mutually intelligible with the latter. These external organisations (other than those which were controlled by the government) were important because the immigration of the Rohingyas was massive due to the number of people who needed help. [251], A few weeks later, on 24 August 2017, the Rakhine Commission (chaired by former U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan)established by the new civilian Myanmar government to recommend solutions to the ethnic conflict and related issues in Rakhine statereleased its recommendations for alleviating the suffering of minorities (especially the Rohingya), calling for measures that would improve security in Myanmar for the Rohingya, but not calling for all measures sought by various Rohingya factions. Dhaka was raided in 1625. [298] The International State Crime Initiative of the University of London issued a report stating that a genocide is taking place against the Rohingya. [275], The U.N. Secretary General issued a statement, 13 September 2017, implying that the situation facing the Rohingya in Rakhine state was "ethnic cleansing." [196][197][198][199], Successive Burmese governments have been accused of provoking riots led by Buddhist monks against ethnic minorities like the Rohingyas[200] In the 1990s, more than 250,000 Rohingya fled to refugee camps in Bangladesh. Myanmar's 'Rohingya' Conflict By Anthony Ware, Costas Laoutides page 78 and 79. The four Rohingya MPs included Shamsul Anwarul Huq, Chit Lwin Ebrahim, Fazal Ahmed and Nur Ahmed. [344], Some countries like Malaysia have rejected the resettlement of Rohingya refugees and sent them back to sea because of economic difficulties and the Coronavirus pandemic. Being a Rohingya in Myanmar meant living carefully and being resigned to limited access to education, health care and other social services. Ne Win carried out military operations against them over a period of two decades. [140][141], British policy encouraged Bengali inhabitants from adjacent regions to migrate into the then lightly populated and fertile valleys of Arakan as farm labourers. [125][126], Even after independence from the Sultans of Bengal, the Arakanese kings continued the custom of maintaining Muslim titles. Rohingyas do not speak Burmese, the lingua franca of Myanmar, and face problems in integration. The derogatory slur kalar is widely used in Myanmar against the Rohingya. That language has been written either in Arabic or English script since its first documentation 200 years back (see here: Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages). These violations include destruction of property and forced relocation to another country. [257][261][260][262], Within the first three weeks, the military reported over 400 dead (whom it described as mostly "militants" and "terrorists")the U.N. estimated over 1,000 dead (mostly civilians), and other sources initially suggested as many as 3,000in the first four weeks of the reprisals. "We didn't see it coming," a senior aid official, who asked for . [183] Myanmar's government has often pressured diplomats and foreign delegates against uttering the term Rohingya. [232][233][240], Government officials in Rakhine State originally blamed the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO), an Islamist insurgent group mainly active in the 1980s and 1990s, for the attacks;[241] however, on 17 October 2016, a group calling itself the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) claimed responsibility. [35][36][37] There are also restrictions on their freedom of movement, access to state education and civil service jobs. The 1931 census found 500,000 Indians living in Akyab.[155]. The government of Myanmar refuses to use the name. [295] The underground National Unity Government, formed as an opposition to the authoritarian State Administration Council, issued recognition of the war crimes committed by the Tatmadaw against the Rohingya people for the first time, which was hailed as a major step toward ethnic reconciliation. PDF Languages in the Rohingya response - Translators without Borders Rohingya community leaders were supportive of the 8888 uprising for democracy. [186] Rohingya mujahideen are still active within the remote areas of Arakan. All of Burma was officially a Province within the British Indian Empire ('the Raj') from November 1885 until 1937, when Burma became a separate Crown colony within the British Empire. Citing Bangladesh's overpopulation and density, Rakhines perceive the Rohingyas as "the vanguard of an unstoppable wave of people that will inevitably engulf Rakhine". Several dozen firearms and boxes of ammunition were looted by the attackers from the border posts. [232][233][234] The military crackdown on Rohingyas drew criticism from various quarters including the United Nations, human rights group Amnesty International, the US Department of State, and the government of Malaysia. [149], On both sides, entire villages were "decimated". Despite the fact that the Rohingya majority speak the Rohingya language, Burmese is a more neutral language because it is one of the most widely spoken second languages. . [328], Members of the Rohingya community were displaced to Bangladesh where the government of the country, non-governmental organisations and the UNHCR gave aid to the refugees by providing them with homes and food. [ "Militant Rohingya Group Declares Month-Long Cease-Fire in Myanmar,"] 10 September 2017. [31] The Rakhines began migrating to Arakan through the Arakan Mountains in the 9th century. [101][94][109] The United States embassy in Yangon continues to use the name "Rohingya". They yearn to see justice for the crimes committed against them. Myanmar Rohingya violence is genocide, US says - BBC News [325], They are not allowed to travel without official permission and they were previously required to sign a commitment not to have more than two children, though the law was not strictly enforced. This was the first concerted large scale violent attack on Rohingya. [83][84] Shortly before a Rohingya rebel attack that killed 12 security forces on 25 August 2017, the Myanmar military launched "clearance operations" against the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine state[85][86] that, according to NGOs, the Bangladeshi government and international news media, left many dead, and many more injured, tortured or raped, with villages burned. Religious scholars prefer wearing kurutha, jubba or panjabi (long tops). Today, they are a people with no home or citizenship. [66][67] The UN human rights envoy to Myanmar reported "the long history of discrimination and persecution against the Rohingya community could amount to crimes against humanity",[68] and there have been warnings of an unfolding genocide. The Rohingya genocide is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military of Myanmar. Brigadier Aung Gyi, one of the deputies of General Ne Win, in 1961 explained Rohingya as; On the west, May Yu district borders with Pakistan. [100], According to Thant Myint-U, historian and adviser to President Thein Sein, "At the beginning of the 20th century, Indians were arriving in Burma at the rate of no less than a quarter million per year. Albeit Indian immigration to Burma was a nationwide phenomenon, not just restricted to Arakan. [145] For these reasons historians believed that most Rohingyas arrived with the British colonialists in the 19th and 20th centuries with some tracing their ancestry much further. [289], In January 2016, the government of Bangladesh initiated a plan to relocate tens of thousands of forcibly displaced Rohingyas, who had fled to the country following persecution in Myanmar. Human Rights Watch. Burma Insists Rohingyas are 'Bengalis' - irrawaddy.com [4] Human rights situations that require the Councils attention: "U.N. calls for Myanmar generals to be tried for genocide, blames Facebook for incitement,", "Myanmar Rohingya: UN says military leaders must face genocide charges", "Investigators call for genocide prosecutions over slaughter of Rohingyas", "Myanmar Generals Had 'Genocidal Intent' Against Rohingya, Must Face Justice: U.N.", "Year After Rohingya Massacres, Top Generals Unrepentant and Unpunished", "Rohingya widows find safe haven in Bangladesh camp", "Rohingyas facing 'catastrophic' situation", "Thousands of Rohingya flee Myanmar amid tales of ethnic cleansing", "Hindus too fleeing persecution in Myanmar", "Hindus From Myanmar Join Muslim Rohingyas in Seeking Refuge in Bangladesh", "Myanmar wants ethnic cleansing of Rohingya UN official", "Crimes Against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma's Arakan State", "UN expert alarmed at worsening human rights situation in Myanmars Rakhine state", "The Rohingya Are At The Brink Of Mass Genocide", "Burmese government accused of trying to 'expel' all Rohingya Muslims", "UN: Rohingya may be victims of crimes against humanity", "Myanmar Muslim minority subject to horrific torture, UN says", "Fatal Distraction from Federalism: Religious Conflict in Rakhine", "Myanmar violence may have killed more than 1,000: UN rapporteur", "Over 168,000 Rohingya likely fled Myanmar since 2012 UNHCR report", "Rohingya Refugees Emergency Response, Indonesia", "Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population", "Trapped inside Burma's refugee camps, the Rohingya people call for recognition", "US Holocaust Museum highlights plight of Myanmar's downtrodden Rohingya Muslims", "Mission report of OHCHR rapid response mission to Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, 1324 September 2017", "UN report details brutal Myanmar effort to drive out half a million Rohingya", "Rohingya etymology at Oxford Dictionary", "Rohingya: A historical and linguistic note", "Rohingya: Etymology, people and identity | The Asian Age Online, Bangladesh", "A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire", "A Comnparative vocabulary of some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire", "Interview: History Behind Arakan State Conflict", "ROHINGYA CRISIS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE", "Rohingya: The name. [214] A number of monks' organisations have taken measures to boycott NGOs which they believe helped only Rohingyas in the past decades even though Rakhines were equally poor. [338][339] On 7 May 2014, the United States House of Representatives passed the United States House resolution on persecution of the Rohingya people in Burma that called on the government of Myanmar to end the discrimination and persecution. However, the Myanmar government dismissed the gesture, saying "we don't negotiate with terrorists. Expressing no criticism of the Myanmar military, and denying that it had engaged in any "armed clashes or clearance operations" since 5 September, she added, "We are committed to the restoration of peace and stability and rule of law throughout the state," and that the country was "committed to a sustainable solution for all communities in this state", but was vague as to how that would be achieved. Rohingya language - Wikipedia Over the three years during which the Allies and Japanese fought over the Mayu peninsula, the Rohingya recruits of the V-Force, engaged in a campaign against Arakanese communities, using weapons provided by V-Force. [104] The term was broadcast on Burmese radio and was used in the speeches of Burmese rulers. The genocide has consisted of two phases [2] [3] to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017. [68] Jacques Leider writes that many Muslims in Rakhine simply prefer to call themselves "Muslim Arakanese" or "Muslims coming from Rakhine" instead of "Rohingya". [95] But since Burma's military junta took control of the country in 1962, the Rohingya have been systematically deprived of their political rights. [215] In July 2012, the Burmese Government did not include the Rohingya minority group in the censusclassified as stateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982. [92] However, according to Derek Tokin, Hamilton no longer used the term to refer to the Muslims in Arakan in his later publications. [114] This claim by Sayed Islam saying that, by 788 CE, locals in Arakan were being converted into Muslims clearly contradicts historian Yegar's findings which say, even in 1203, Bengal is the easternmost point of Islamic expansion, not to say further into Arakan. [111], Early evidence of Bengali Muslim settlements in Arakan date back to the time of Min Saw Mon (143034) of the Kingdom of Mrauk U. The Rohingya people are an ethnic group from Myanmar, once called Burma. Unfortunately, when the Rohingya Crisis happened most Myanmar people were very supportive of . The Rohingya refugees desire to return to their homes, when it is safe for them to do so. After Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah's death in 1433, Narameikhla's successors invaded Bengal and occupied Ramu in 1437 and Chittagong in 1459. [160], Aye Chan, a historian at Kanda University in Japan, has written that as a consequence of acquiring arms from the British during World War II, Rohingyas[note 3] tried to destroy the Arakanese villages instead of resisting the Japanese. Published September 29, 2017 9 min read Dozens of Rohingya refugees died when a boat heading from Myanmar to Bangladesh capsized late Thursday, underscoring the immediacy of the crisis. The data for Burmese 1802 census is taken from a book by J. S. Furnivall. As of December 2016, 1/7thstateless of the entire world's stateless population is Rohingya according to United Nations figures. All other ethnic groups were considered aliens to the land or invaders. US Striving to Solve Rohingya Issue Radio Free Asia Rohingyas are not Burmese. One such violation was committed when the military forced Rohingyas in Rakhine to move to Bangladesh. [1][318] According to a 2016 study published in the medical journal The Lancet, Rohingya children in Myanmar face low birth weight, malnutrition, diarrhoea, and barriers to reproduction on reaching adulthood. Killed, beaten and . There were a small number of immigrants from other parts of India. There are no such people in Burmese history and census. [271] (By 15 September, that number had surpassed 400,000[260]) The situation was expected to exacerbate the current refugee crisis as more than 400,000 Rohingya without citizenship were trapped in overcrowded camps and in conflict regions in Western Myanmar. Human Rights Watch released satellite photos showing the villages burning, but the Myanmar government insisted the fires were lit by Rohingya, themselves, or specifically Rohingya militantsthough the authorities offered no proof of the allegation, and refused or tightly controlled all media and foreign access to the area. The British Army's liaison officer, Anthony Irwin, on the other hand, praised the role of the V Force. The movement. "[264][265][266], Refugees reported numerous civiliansincluding women and childrenbeing indiscriminately beaten, raped, tortured, shot, hacked to death or burned alive. [308] Men wear bazu (long sleeved shirts) and longgi or doothi (loincloths) covering down to the ankles. Rohingya ( / rond, - hn -, - j /; Hanifi Rohingya: , Ruingga, , [2] pronounced [ri] ), [3] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Rohingya people of Rakhine State, Myanmar. In a 1955 study published by Stanford University, the authors Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff write, "The post-war (World War II) illegal immigration of Chittagonians into that area was on a vast scale, and in the Maungdaw and Buthidaung areas they replaced the Arakanese. There have been charges that Rohingyas were shipped and towed out to the open sea from Thailand. Mosques and madrasas are present in most villages. For the language, see, Rohingya political participation in Burma, After 1988 Burmese pro-democracy uprising, Rakhine State conflicts and refugees (2012present), In a subsequent article, the same author notes the creation of an association of Muslim teachers in 1936 called ". Rohingyas - The Nowhere People Of Myanmar - Outlook India The government recently allocated 2,000 acres of land for the Rohingya refugees. But until things change in Myanmar, they . The Bangladeshi government has reduced the amount of support it allocates to the Rohingyas in order to prevent an outflow of Rohingya refugees into Bangladesh. [181][182] Since the 1982 citizenship law, Burmese juntas and governments have strongly objected to the usage of the term of Rohingya, preferring to label the community as "bengali illegal immigrants". Facebook Fails to Detect Hate Speech Against Rohingya, Report Claims Besides these locals converting to Islam, Arab merchants married local women and later settled in Arakan. "The Rohingya people of Myanmar: health, human rights, and identity. The first Arakanese state flourished in Dhanyawadi. [319][1] The paper also found that 40% of Rohingya children suffer from diarrhoea in internally displaced persons camp within Myanmar at a rate five times that of diarrhoeal illness among children in the rest of Rakhine. [257][259][260][261], 13 September, Myanmar's presidential spokesman announced Myanmar would establish a new commission to implement some recommendations of Annan's Rakhine Commission, in their August 2017 report. Amnesty International says the Myanmar military also raped and abused Rohingya women and girls. During the 1951 Burmese general election, five Rohingyas were elected to the Parliament of Burma, including one of the country's first two female MPs, Zura Begum. Rohingya (Ruingga / ) Rohingya is an eastern Indo-Aryan language spoken in northern Rakhine State (Arakan) in Burma / Myanmar and in the neighbouring Chiittagong Division of Bangladesh. [119], Arakan's vassalage to Bengal was brief. The slave population were employed in a variety of workforces, including in the king's army, commerce and agriculture. Today, more than a million of them live in the country, most in the western coastal state of . They were much more active before the 1962 Burmese coup d'tat by General Ne Win, a Burmese general who began his military career fighting for the Japanese in World War II. It argues that a distinct precolonial Muslim population is recognized as Kaman, and that the Rohingya conflate their history with the history of Arakan Muslims in general to advance a separatist agenda. In 1799, Francis Buchanan wrote an article called "A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire", which was found and republished by Michael Charney in the SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research in 2003. The ethno-language group that speak Myanmar as their native language are the Bamar. The. [103], The government of Prime Minister U Nu, when Burma was a democracy from 1948 to 1962, used the term "Rohingya" in radio addresses as a part of peace-building effort in Mayu Frontier Region. Trudy, Ring; M. Salkin, Robert; La Boda, Sharon; Edited by Trudy Ring (1996).
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