Salinger, J.; Chinn, T.; Willsman, A.; Fitzharris, B. Glacier response to climate change. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their very constructive and helpful comments. ; Peters, J.; Lin, J.; Long, S.C.; Han, Y.S. On the one hand, glaciers are one of the sensitive indicators of climate change, their area and thickness will adjust with climate change. Pakistan further asserted that traditional grazing grounds of the Hunza people be given to Pakistan because otherwise it would cause them huge distress, Chinese Premier said he'd confirm after checking Xinjiang province and after getting assent of the Uyghur, Chinese ceded it as well. ; Blenkinsop, S.; Kilsby, C.G. Glaciers_cci (2015): Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Technical Document. Nature, 488(7412): 495498. Cryosphere Discussions, 5(1): 565604. Hence, Pakistan requested China to let this area be under their control and it was agreed to by China.The video terminates at the confluence of Oprang River with Shaksgam River. Paul F, Bolch T, Kb A, et al. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. The KK Pass (18,176 feet) in the east is more difficult, but is the shortest route from Leh (Ladakh) to Xinjiang . Kb A. Cryosphere, 9: 557564. P Precipitation-driven glacier changes in the Pamir and Hindu Kush mountains. 2012b. Haeberli, W.; Hoelzle, M.; Paul, F.; Zemp, M. Integrated monitoring of mountain glaciers as key indicators of global climate change: The European Alps. Available online: Fischer, M.; Huss, M.; Barboux, C.; Hoelzle, M. The New Swiss Glacier Inventory sgi2010: Relevance of Using High-resolution Source Data in Areas Dominated by Very Small Glaciers. A spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from 2000 to 2016. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 8(1): 4761. Cementing the relationship, in 1963, Pakistan ceded to China the Shaksgam Valley, an area claimed by India. Finally, regression analyses indicated that topographic parameters were not the main driver of glacier changes. The two red lines drawn along the mountain peaks and ridges represent the two contesting boundary claims. positive feedback from the reviewers. 2018; 10(8):1166. In addition, the elevation of glacier surface is spatially heterogeneous, showing that the accumulation of mass is dominant in high altitude regions, and the main mass loss is in low altitude regions, excluding the surge-type glacier. Also, we thank Bhambri R. for providing the glacier inventory data. . Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely Li, B.F.; Chen, Y.N. Which Britain did. future research directions and describes possible research applications. The multi-temporal glacier inventory results indicated that total glacier area change between 1970-2014 was not significant. Sorges law of densification of snow on high polar glaciers. N1 - Funding Information: Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings. The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers. 8: 1166. Notably, small glaciers showed higher sensitivity to climate changes, and the glaciers located in the western part of the study site were exhibiting glacier area expansion compared to other parts of the Shaksgam Valley. The CO2 Coalition was established in 2015 as a 501(c)(3) for the purpose of educating thought leaders, policy makers, and the public about the important contribution made by carbon dioxide to our lives and the economy. Pfeffer, W.T. Utah's #1 source for News, Sports, Weather and Classifieds ; Yu, P.C. In the year 2014, a total of 173 glaciers (including 121 debris-free glaciers) (> 0.5 km2), covering an area of 1478 34 km2 (area of debris-free glaciers: 295 7 km2) were mapped. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. Highest Paid CEOs in the Greater Bay Area - Silicon Valley Business Journal Rignot E, Echelmeyer K, Krabill W. 2001. Science, 340(6134): 852857. 2018, 10, 1166. We would like to thank NASA/USGS, METI of Japan/NASA for providing the Declassified images, Landsat data, SRTM and ASTER GDEM version two Data. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the Rankl, M.; Kienholz, C.; Braun, M. Glacier changes in the Karakoram region mapped by multimission Satellite imagery. This place is also called Shaksam Valley. 2015. ; Liu, S.Y. Climate Dynamics, 52(12): 159180. ; Li, W.H. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. total area of 1884.2 km2. The 1963 Sino-Pakistan boundary runs along the summit of the Mount K2, dividing the mountain between Pakistan and China, much like Mountain Everest is divided between China and Nepal. Journal of Climate, 28(9), 35373556. Glacial geology and geomorphology in Shaksgam Valley. Updated on Sep 12, 2018, v1.1.47f4e218c70bb1d372358a740fe7c6466dbac1ac. ; Braun, M.; Glasser, N.F. Zhou Y S, Li Z W, Li J. It was ceded by the Pakistanis to China in a border dispute agreement in 1963. This is a preview of subscription content, access via For more information, please refer to Pieczonka, T.; Bolch, T.; Wei, J.F. Price excludes VAT (USA) In the year 2014, a total of 173 glaciers (including 121 debris-free glaciers) (> 0.5 km2), covering an area of 1478 34 km2 (area of debris-free glaciers: 295 7 km2) were mapped. Bhambri, R.; Bolch, T.; Kawishwar, P.; Dobhal, D.P. Glacier area changes in the Pumqu river basin, Tibetan Plateau, between the 1970s and 2001. These definitions are adapted for the purpose of satellite-based glacier mapping based on official documents from the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) guidelines for the compilation of the World Glacier Inventory [, Information about the Frame Ephemeris Camera, Orbital Data camera, and Spacecraft parameters are classified for Corona missions [, KH-9 Hexagon images were treated as regular aerial photographs for orthorectification purposes. Mandip Singh replies: The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK), and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. 1 Study Area The Shaksgam valley (Figure 1) is located on the northern slope of Chinese Karakoram, in the southwest of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. However, the freely available global DEMs may not represent the current glacier terrain properties due to their less recent (or unknown) acquisition dates. We would like to thank NASA/USGS, METI of Japan/NASA for providing the Declassified images, Landsat data, SRTM and ASTER GDEM version two Data. Gardelle J, Berthier E, Arnaud Y. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. (in Chinese). However, individual glacier changes showed significant variability. Surge-type and surge-modified glaciers in the Karakoram. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(20): 1047010478. For this, first the glacier outlines were separated into individual glaciers based on manual inspection of the satellite images, the hillshade images derived from DEMs, and Google Earth high-resolution images. [, Glaciers inventory for the year 2000 was mapped based on a combination of [TIR/(NIR/SWIR)] band ratio and result from the geomorphometric analysis using Landsat ETM+ (2000) and SRTM [, A similar approach to the glacier inventory generation (2000) was used for generating a glacier inventory in 2014 based on the Landsat 8 (2014) images and DEMs generated from ASTER (20052014) images. 2004. Digitizing the debris-free glaciers was considerably easier because snow and ice present obvious brightness differences compared to the debris-covered glacier and surrounding objects. Inventory of Glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese - IGES Inventory of Glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Karakoram 2019. Road data OpenStreetMap contributors. Alifu, H.; Hirabayashi, Y.; Johnson, B.A. 2013. A number of glaciers exist there, yet an accurate historical and up-to-date analysis of glacial area change in this region has remained elusive until now. . Households with given characteristics as a percentage of all households that receive food stamps. Karakoram geodetic glacier mass balances between 2008 and 2016: persistence of the anomaly and influence of a large rock avalanche on Siachen Glacier. Funding Information: Inventory of Glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Karakoram Mountains, 19702014. ; Shangguan, D.H.; Yao, X.J. In the year 2014, a total of 173 glaciers (including 121 debris-free glaciers) (>0.5 km, Glaciers are key indicators of climate change and provide important freshwater resources [, Until now, except for publicly available glacier inventories such as the First Chinese Glacier Inventory (FCGI) [, Cloud-free satellite images with minimal seasonal snow cover, acquired at the end of the ablation season, were used for glacier mapping in this study (see, For accurate delineation of the glaciers in the 1970s/1980s, declassified images from United States intelligence satellite missions such as Corona KH-4A/B and Hexagon KH-9 images were selected because of their high spatial resolutions (37 m) [, The KH-9 mapping camera had a similar design to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Large Format Camera (LFC), with a 23 46 cm frame format camera and 30.5 cm focal length [, Orthorectified Landsat series scenes (TM, ETM+ and Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor (OLI/TIRS)) (, Glacier topographic parameters (e.g., minimum, maximum and median elevation, aspect, slope) have been found to be extremely useful for modelling, detection and change assessment of glaciers [, Cloud cover, temperature and precipitation data were used to assess the possible climate influences on glacier changes in the Shaksgam Valley. It is because of this differing boundary line claim between India on one hand and what was agreed between Pakistan and China on another, India claims that Pakistan ceded Shaksgam Valley to the Chinese.Aghil Pass is visible; it is gateway towards across the Aghil Range towards Yilike/Raskam Village and then onward to G219 highway.The tour also shows the location of Siachen Glacier with respect to Shaksgam Valley. 2014. Map Fetish by AG Noorani, Indian lawyer and Author on Kashmir, Who Ceded Land? Liu S Y, Yao X J, Guo W Q, et al. Instead of taking up the McDonald line, Indian government officially adopted the Johnson line because the increased land (Or rather lines on a paper) impressed Nehru as much as it had impressed Maharaja. The 1937 Shagskam Valley Royal Geographical Expedition map by Eric Shipton and Spender K2 Glacier north - Royal Geographical Expedition 1937 Incredible Western China - Xinjiang home of the Karakoram Mountains and the mighty K2 Xinjiang and on the horizon the Tien Shan Mountains of Kirgistsan Western China - Xinjiang The incredible Xinjiang Xinjiang ; Ordonez, J. Decadal changes in glacier parameters in the cordillera blanca, peru, derived from remote sensing. @article{76b2ac4cc94c4189bf13e5187f58c825. Previous studies have reported abnormal behaviors of the glaciers in this region compared to the global trend of glacier retreat, so the region is of special interest for glacier-climatological studies. Paul, F.; Barry, R.G. Households with given characteristics as a percentage of all households that. On the contrary, local climate variability could explain the complex behavior of glaciers in this region.". Media in category "Shaksgam Valley" The following 9 files are in this category, out of 9 total. (in Chinese). Ranked by Total compensation. Surface elevation changes of Yengisogat Glacier between 2000 and 2014. Fact Pakistan did not 'gift' any Kashmiri land to China. km., which rightfully belonged to the . Dive into the research topics of 'Inventory of glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Karakoram Mountains, 1970-2014'. Wilson, A.M.; Jetz, W. Remotely sensed high-resolution global cloud dynamics for predicting ecosystem and biodiversity distributions. Forsythe, N.; Hardy, A.J. Landsat-based inventory of glaciers in western Canada, 19852005. 2005. The remote sensing data used included Corona KH-4A/B (1965-1971), Hexagon KH-9 (1980), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) (1990/1993), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) (2000/2001), and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) (2014/2015) multispectral satellite images, as well as digital elevation models (DEMs) from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), DEMs generated from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images (2005-2014), and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)World 3D 30 m mesh (AW3D30). Previous studies have reported abnormal behaviors of the glaciers in this region compared to the global trend of glacier retreat, so the region is of special interest for glacier-climatological studies. Pieczonka T, Bolch T. 2015. The Cryosphere, 4: 333343. On 17 September, we made ten river-crossings on foot but with water half-way . J. For this reason, this study conducted glacier inventories for the years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2014 (i.e., a ~10-year interval) using multi-temporal remote sensing imagery. 2010. Mass change of glaciers in Muztag Ata-Kongur Tagh, eastern Pamir, China from 1971/76 to 2013/14 as derived from remote sensing data. Spat. Unfortunately, no appropriate reference data was found for visual validation of glacier outlines in 1990. Glacier changes in the Ravi basin, North-Western Himalaya (India) during the last four decades (19712010/13). The Shaksgam Valley situated beyond the Karakorams, and also referred to as the Trans Karakoram Tract is one of the most inhospitable places on Earth and as of now its disputed Territory, claimed by India but illegally ceded to China by Pakistan. 2015. College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences/Tian Shan Glaciological Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China, You can also search for this author in The remote sensing data used included Corona KH-4A/B (19651971), Hexagon KH-9 (1980), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) (1990/1993), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) (2000/2001), and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) (2014/2015) multispectral satellite images, as well as digital elevation models (DEMs) from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), DEMs generated from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images (20052014), and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) World 3D 30 m mesh (AW3D30). For example, the SRTM DEM was generated from Space Shuttle Endeavour during the 11-day mission in February 2000. Journal of Glaciology, 65(251): 494507. ; Hao, X.M. For this purpose, long-term monitoring of glaciers in this region is necessary to obtain a better understanding of the relationships between glacier changes and local climate variations. On the contrary, it received from China 750 square miles of administered territory beyond the watershed, the traditional grazing ground for people in Hunza. did the ASTER DEM generation. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly 2015. The georeferenced Soviet Military Topo maps (1:100,000 scale), which show the glacier covered areas in 1975 and 1982, were used to validate the glacier outlines in 1970 and 1980. The Karakoram Anomaly? 2018. wrote the paper. Bolch, T.; Kulkarni, A.; Kaab, A.; Huggel, C.; Paul, F.; Cogley, J.G. The role of atmospheric dynamics and climate change on the possible fate of glaciers in the Karakoram. Forsythe N, Hardy A J, Fowler H J, et al. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Previous studies have reported abnormal behaviors of the glaciers in this region compared to the global trend of glacier retreat, so the region is of special interest for glacier-climatological studies. Progress in Geography, 33(10): 13871396. ; Schoner, W.; Bindschadler, R.A.; Chien, J.Y.L. Also, we thank Bhambri R. for providing the glacier inventory data. ; Seong, Y.B. Xu A, Yang T, Wang C, et al. The forgotten fact of China-Occupied Kashmir - The Hindu Forsythe N, Fowler H J, Li X F, et al. For 2015. Whereas for Pakistan and Kashmir, China ceded 750 sqm and also recognized that a future sovereign Kashmiri government may renegotiate this border when they are free. Jiang Z L, Wang L, Zhang Z, et al. 2017. Slight glacier mass loss in the Karakoram region during the 1970s to 2000 revealed by KH-9 images and SRTM DEM. Zhang, X.S. Inventory of Glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Karakoram Mountains, 19702014. Zhongqin Li. ; Shroder, J.F. Bolch, T.; Yao, T.; Kang, S.; Buchroithner, M.F. If you still don't understand how groundbreaking this deal was, imagine this. The Raja of Shigar controlled this land until 1971, when Pakistan abolished the Raja government system. Ann. Quaternary International, 311(17): 123131. For this purpose, long-term monitoring of glaciers in this region is necessary to obtain a better understanding of the relationships between glacier changes and local climate variations. Benn D I, Lehmkuhl F. 2000. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru did contest the validity of the agreement no sooner than it was published. Polar Geography, 26(3): 210226. As explained previously, DEMs play a very important role in the accurate mapping of glaciers. Pakistan did not gift any Kashmiri land to China. The line he created is called Johnson Line, which was rejected by British India, forget about China. Glacier changes from 19662009 in the Gongga Mountains, on the south-eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their climatic forcing. Pakistani FM, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto also wiped the floor with Indian delegation when they raised this issue in UN Security Council dated 26 March 1963: The Agreement concluded by the Government of Pakistan and the Peoples Republic of China does not cause any material change whatsoever in the situation within Jammu and Kashmir. EIC however appointed Sir Claude MacDonald to create the new official British line which he did. Improving land surface temperature modeling for dry land of China. Comparision of direct and geodetic mass balances on a multi-annual time scale. Nico M, Tobias B, Philipp R., et al. A decreasing glacier mass balance gradient from the edge of the Upper Tarim Basin to the Karakoram during 20002014. (This article belongs to the Special Issue, The Shaksgam Valley, located on the north side of the Karakoram Mountains of western China, is situated in the transition zone between the Indian monsoon system and dry arid climate zones. However, individual glacier changes showed significant variability. Journal of Climate, 25(23): 83088327. Tadono, T.; Nagai, H.; Ishida, H.; Oda, F.; Naito, S.; Minakawa, K.; Iwamoto, H. Generation of the 30 m-mesh global digital surface model by alos prism. Glacier changes in the Karakoram region mapped by multimission satellite imagery. Browse Getty Images' premium collection of high-quality, authentic Shaksgam Valley stock photos, royalty-free images, and pictures. Global and Planetary Change, 128: 113. Annals of Glaciology, 57(71): 273281. Instruments and Methods Glaciological and volumetric mass-balance measurements: Error analysis over 51 years for Glacier de Sarennes, French Alps. Pan B T, Zhang G L, Wang J, et al. Arch. Inventory of Glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Karakoram Mountains, 19702014. Pakistan ceded Trans-Karakoram tract or Shaksgam valley to China in Trans-Karakoram pact thus showing utter disregard for Kashmiri sovereignty or its own sovereignty. ; Yi, S.; Sun, W.K. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. You are accessing a machine-readable page. The whole valley runs from southeast to northwest, with an average altitude of approximately 5100 m a.s.l. 2008. It is the most glaciated region on earth after North Pole and South Pole. 2011. 278 km total distance walked plus 20to Sarpo Lago Valley and 5 to K2 view point = 300km . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Finally, regression analyses indicated that topographic parameters were not the main driver of glacier changes. The video also shows the view from Indira Ridge when looking north towards Urdok Glacier.This should give an idea about the forbidding geography involved in accessing the Siachen Glacier from north.The video further moves along the Shaksgam Valley and takes a detour towards the majestic northern face of K2 Mountain, which at 28,251 feet is the second higher mountain in the world after Mount Everest. This work was supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (2019QZKK0201), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20060201, XDA20020102), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41761134093, 41771077, 42001067), the State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science founding (SKLCS-ZZ-2019), and the National Science and Technology Basic Resources Survey Program of China (2019FY100202). Huss M. 2013. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Heterogeneity in Karakoram glacier surges. Johnson, a survey officer to propose a line which was to be sent to Chinese government for negotiations. All rights reserved. In the most recent period (20002014), the total glacier area increased by 2.3 3.0%. Glacier expansion and the Elevation Effect, Karakoram Himalaya. As shown in Figure 1, across the entire period (1970-2014), the total glacier area remained unchanged, although there were individual differences (increases or decreases) in some (mostly smaller) glaciers.
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