Blow, D; Shah Abbas: The ruthless king who became an Iranian legend; pp. Iran is mountainous. Safavid dynasty - Wikipedia They finally arrived at the court of Philip III of Spain in 1602. Other exports were horses, goat hair, pearls and an inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a spice in India. In 1598, when Shah Abbas decided to move the capital of his Iranian empire from the north-western city of Qazvin to the central city of Isfahan, he initiated what would become one of the greatest programmes in Iranian history; the complete remaking of the city. The two wrestlers were covered in grease. In August 1514 Isml was seriously defeated at Chldirn by his Sunni rival, the Ottoman sultan Selim I. Yet over the course of ten years Abbas was able, using cautiously-timed but nonetheless decisive steps, to affect a profound transformation of Safavid administration and military, throw back the foreign invaders, and preside over a flourishing of Persian art. The Turkish spoken in Safavid Iran was mostly what nowadays is referred to as Azeri or Azerbaijani Turkish. On these occasions the royal edicts were drawn up and sealed. [194] Under Abbas, the eunuchs became an increasingly important element at the court. Stefan Sperl, C. Shackle, Nicholas Awde, "Qasida poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa", Brill Academic Pub; Set Only edition (February 1996), p. 193: "Like Shah Ni'mat Allah-i Vali he hosted distinguished visitors among them Ismail Safavi, who had proclaimed himself Shahanshah of Iran in 1501 after having taken Tabriz, the symbolic and political capital of Iran". So you have a friend playing as Qing Dynasty or Maurya Empire. Whether Abbas had fully formed his strategy at the onset, at least in retrospect his method of restoring the shah's authority involved three phases: (1) restoration of internal security and law and order; (2) recovery of the eastern territories from the Uzbeks; and (3) recovery of the western territories from the Ottomans. "[93] His conduct might also be explained by his drug use. Samanid Empire | Roblox Rise of Nations Wiki | Fandom Voice Chat. Safavid Empire - Zarinebaf - Major Reference Works - Wiley Online Library Iran weakened appreciably during the reign of Ismls eldest son, Shah ahmsp I (152476), and persistent and unopposed Turkmen forays into the country increased under his incompetent successors. The 16-year-old Abbas I was installed as nominal shah in 1588, but the real power was intended to remain in the hands of his "mentor," Murshid Quli Khan, who reorganized court offices and principal governorships among the Qizilbash[108] and took the title of wakl for himself. It is estimated that during Abbas' reign alone some 130,000200,000 Georgians,[176][124][123][125] tens of thousands of Circassians, and around 300,000 Armenians[177][178] had been deported and imported from the Caucasus to mainland Iran, all obtaining functions and roles as part of the newly created layer in society, such as within the highest positions of the state, or as farmers, soldiers, craftspeople, as part of the Royal harem, the Court, and peasantry, amongst others. He had removed them from power and banished them from Iran by 1729. [222] The Persians complied, and thousands of Persians emigrated to the Deccan during the 16th and 17th centuries, continuing a process that already began under the Bahmani Sultanate of the Deccan. The implementation of this branch would be completed and significantly widened under Abbas the Great (Abbas I). But eschewing politics after his defeat in Chaldiran, he left the affairs of the government to the office of the wakl (chief administrator, vakil in Turkish). Ismail sought to reintroduce Sunni orthodoxy. A Study of the Migration of Shii Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era. [235] The ingenuity of the square, or Maidn, was that, by building it, Shah Abbas would gather the three main components of power in Iran in his own backyard; the power of the clergy, represented by the Masjed-e Shah, the power of the merchants, represented by the Imperial Bazaar, and of course, the power of the Shah himself, residing in the Ali Qapu Palace. Georgian, Circassian and Armenian were also spoken, since these were the mother-tongues of many of the ghulams, as well as of a high proportion of the women of the harem. According to Donald Struesand, "although the Safavid unification of the eastern and western halves of the Iranian plateau and imposition of Twelver Shii Islam on the region created a recognizable precursor of modern Iran, the Safavid polity itself was neither distinctively Iranian nor national. The latter was the final appeal in civil and criminal cases, and his office stood next to the main entrance to the Ali Qapu palace. [48] Although Ismil was defeated and his capital was captured, the Safavid empire survived. [220][221] With the later end of the Portuguese Empire, the British, Dutch and French in particular gained easier access to Persian seaborne trade, although they, unlike the Portuguese, did not arrive as colonisers, but as merchant adventurers. When Tahmsp died in 984/1576, Iran was calm domestically, with secure borders and no imminent threat from either the Uzbeks or the Ottomans. However, after a few years, Ismail regained the land. During these operations an agent of the Samlu (now supporting Sam Mizra's pretensions) attempted to poison the shah. Turkey may take Armenia even though it does not need it for any formable. The Europeans began to be fascinated by the Iranians and their culture Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (160102), for example, makes two references (at II.5 and III.4) to 'the Sophy', then the English term for the Shahs of Iran. From this time the state began to take on a more Persian character. [219] He convinced the British to assist him by allowing them to open factories in Shiraz, Isfahan and Jask. [73] Nevertheless, given the insecurity in Iraq and its northwest territory, Tahmsp moved his court from Tabriz to Qazvin. They correctly identified the three key points to control all seaborne trade between Asia and Europe: The Gulf of Aden, The Persian Gulf and the Straits of Malacca by cutting off and controlling these strategic locations with high taxation. In return, they had to keep ready a standing army at all times and provide the Shah with military assistance upon his request. The caucuses are mountainous, the arab middle east is Arid with the exception of Oman which is hilly. Safavid Iran or Safavid Persia ( / sfvd, s -/ ), also referred to as the Safavid Empire, [c] was one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. His oldest son, the crown prince Mohammad Baqer Mirza, was executed following a court intrigue in which several Circassians were involved, while two others were blinded. In 1732 by the Treaty of Resht and in 1735 Treaty of Ganja, he negotiated an agreement with the government of Empress Anna Ioanovna that resulted in the return of the recently annexed Iranian territories, making most of the Caucasus fall back into Iranian hands, while establishing an Irano-Russian alliance against the common neighbouring Ottoman enemy. [17] There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Iranian Kurdistan,[5] and later moved to Iranian Azerbaijan, finally settling in the 11th century CE at Ardabil. According to historian Roger Savory, "Sheikh Junayd was not content with spiritual authority and he sought material power. [90] Shortly after the installation of Ismail II on August 22, 1576, Haydar was beheaded. Sir E. Denison Ross, Sir Anthony Sherley and his Persian Adventure, pp. In 1585 two events occurred that would combine to break the impasse among the Qizilbash. Later, during the Safavid and especially Qajar period, the Shii Ulema's power increased and they were able to exercise a role, independent of or compatible with the government. R Savory, "Ebn Bazzaz" in. Origins The Empire was founded by the Safavids, a Sufi order that goes back to Safi al-Din (1252-1334). The Safavid brotherhood. Abbas's tolerance towards Christians was part of his policy of establishing diplomatic links with European powers to try to enlist their help in the fight against their common enemy, the Ottoman Empire. The highest level in the government was that of the Prime Minister, or Grand Vizier (Etemad-e Dowlat), who was always chosen from among doctors of law. Because of the relative insecurity of property ownership in Iran, many private landowners secured their lands by donating them to the clergy as so called vaqf. [119] As mentioned by the Encyclopaedia Iranica, lastly, from 1600 onwards, the Safavid statesman Allhverd Khan, in conjunction with Robert Sherley, undertook further reorganizations of the army, which meant among other things further dramatically increasing the number of ghulams to 25,000.[120]. [148], The Dutch and English were still able to drain the Iranian government of much of its precious metal supplies. The Safavid Empire of Persia - ThoughtCo [2] Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history,[3] as well as one of the gunpowder empires. [199], In Safavid Iran there was little distinction between theology and jurisprudence, or between divine justice and human justice, and it all went under Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). [15] The inscriptions on Safavid currency were also in Persian. [110] Before he could begin to embark on the first stage, he needed relief from the most serious threat to the empire: the military pressure from the Ottomans. Iran's neighbors seized the opportunity to attack. They would thus retain the official ownership and secure their land from being confiscated by royal commissioners or local governors, as long as a percentage of the revenues from the land went to the ulama. Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the grand Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp,[26][27] while members of the family and some Shahs composed Persian poetry as well.[28][29]. Immediately after Nader Shah's assassination in 1747 and the disintegration of his short-lived empire, the Safavids were re-appointed as shahs of Iran in order to lend legitimacy to the nascent Zand dynasty. Seven years later Shah ahmsp II recovered Efahn and ascended the throne, only to be deposed in 1732 by his Afshrid lieutenant Nadr Qol Beg (the future Ndir Shh). RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Iran&oldid=1162644502, Shahsevans: these were 12,000 strong and built up from the small group of, Ghulams: Tahmasp I had started introducing huge amounts of, Musketeers: realizing the advantages that the Ottomans had because of their firearms, Shah Abbas was at pains to equip both the qurchi and the ghulam soldiers with up-to-date weaponry. From here, Persian traders ventured eastwards to Southeast Asian kingdoms, most notably Ayutthaya Siam, where influential Persian families like the Bunnag helped foster cordial diplomatic relations between Thailand and Iran, as evidenced in the expedition of Suleyman's Ship. (1986). It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman, Georgian, Circassian, and Pontic Greek dignitaries. Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998), This page was last edited on 30 June 2023, at 10:34. Anthony Bryer. A very strenuous form of exercise which the Persians greatly enjoyed was hunting. He was perhaps the closest advisor to the Shah, and, as such, functioned as his eyes and ears within the Court. The Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal - ThoughtCo SAFAVIDS (1501-1722) | Facts and Details Iranian rule had been fully restored over eastern Georgia, but the Georgian territories would continue to produce resistance to Safavid enroachments from 1624 until Abbas' death. [32] Sam Mirza, the son of Shah Ismail as well as some later authors assert that Ismail composed poems both in Turkish and Persian but only a few specimens of his Persian verse have survived. You can form the Safavid Empire! In earlier times, the Shah had been closely involved in judicial proceedings, but this part of the royal duty was neglected by Shah Safi and the later kings. Furthermore, the dynasty was from the very start thoroughly intermarried with both Pontic Greek as well as Georgian lines. The crown prince (the vizier's son-in-law) meekly turned him over, and the Qizilbash executed him and confiscated his property. Ali Quli Khan Shamlu, the lala of Abbas and Ismail II's man in Herat proclaimed Abbas shah there April 1581. He then besieged the capital of Isfahan, until Shah Soltan Hoseyn abdicated and acknowledged him as the new king of Iran. [76] Under the Peace, the Ottomans agreed to restore Yerevan, Karabakh and Nakhjuwan to the Safavids and in turn would retain Mesopotamia (Iraq) and eastern Anatolia. According to William Cleveland and Martin Bunton,[232] the establishment of Isfahan as the Great capital of Iran and the material splendor of the city attracted intellectual's from all corners of the world, which contributed to the city's rich cultural life. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. His letter of remorse never reached Suleiman, and he was forced to flee abroad to avoid execution. He was responsible for introducing all guests, receiving petitions presented to the Shah and reading them if required. Trade with the West and industry expanded, communications improved. It was certainly not an oligarchy, nor was it an aristocracy. [78][79] After Humayun converted to Shii Islam (under extreme duress),[78] Tahmsp offered him military assistance to regain his territories in return for Kandahar, which controlled the overland trade route between central Iran and the Ganges. At the fourth invasion in 1553, it was now clear that Tahmsp followed a policy of annexation and resettlement as he gained control over Tbilisi (Tiflis) and the region of Kartli while physically transplanting more than 30,000 people to the central Iranian heartlands. At the apex of this system was the Shah, with total power over the state, legitimized by his bloodline as a sayyid, or descendant of Muhammad. 900901, tr. Rosemary Stanfield Johnson, "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti-Sunni Activities during the Reign of Tahmasp I,", Abolala Soudavar, "The Patronage of Vizier Mirza Salman,", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSavory1980 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBomatiNahavandi1998 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAsat'ianiBendianachvili1997 (. [31] The establishment of Twelver Shsm as the state religion of Safavid Iran led to various f orders (tariqa) openly declaring their Shte position, and others to promptly assume Sha Islam. The two parties with their witnesses pleaded their respective cases, usually without any counsel, and the judge would pass his judgment after the first or second hearing. [15][21] But the official[9] language of the empire as well as the administrative language, language of correspondence, literature and historiography was Persian. [194], During the first century of the dynasty, the primary court language remained Azeri,[189] although this increasingly changed after the capital was moved to Isfahan. Thvenot and Tavernier commented that the Iranian caravanserais were better built and cleaner than their Turkish counterparts. [48] His background is disputed: the language he used is not identical with that of his "race" or "nationality" and he was bilingual from birth. The next most important mount, when traveling through Iran, was the mule. Early victories [ edit] Portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani, c. 1757 One of Ahmad Shah's first military actions was to capture Qalati Ghilji and Ghazni from the Ghilji, and wrest Kabul and Peshawar from Mughal-appointed governor Nasir Khan. Although the Uzbeks continued to make occasional raids into Khorasan, the Safavid empire was able to keep them at bay throughout its reign. Chardin was present at some feasts in Isfahan were there were more than fifty different kinds of fruit. After that they join together in uttering a great cry and trying to overthrow each other. Despite the Safavid Shii zeal, Christians were tolerated and several missions and churches were built. [45] There were many local states prior to the Iranian state established by Ismil. afavid dynasty summary | Britannica The Sunni Ulema or clergy were either killed or exiled[citation needed]. A year after his victory in Tabriz, Ismil I claimed most of Iran as part of his territory,[31] and within 10 years established a complete control over all of it. Next in line were the Master of the Royal Stables (Mirakor bashi) and the Master of the Hunt (Mirshekar bashi). The Safavid Empire generates an amazing starting income of $6,080,295. Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998), This page was last edited on 5 July 2023, at 02:08. 21920. First, in the west, the Ottomans, seeing the disarray of the warriors, pressed deep into Safavid territory and occupied the old capital of Tabriz. (ed.). This meant that even the Prime Minister, who held the highest office in the state, had to work in association with the Nazir when it came to managing those transactions that directly related to the Shah.[190]. Abbas I also supported direct trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands which sought Persian carpet, silk and textiles. The Samanid Empire (Persian: , romanized: Smniyn) also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid amirate, or simply as the Samanids) was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, of Iranian dehqan origin. As non-Turcoman converts to Islam, these Circassian and Georgian olmns (also written as ghulams) were completely unrestrained by clan loyalties and kinship obligations, which was an attractive feature for a ruler like Tahmsp whose childhood and upbringing had been deeply affected by Qizilbash tribal politics. Updated: January 10, 2022 | Original: July 31, 2019 copy page link Mustafagull/Getty Images Though the two main sects within Islam, Sunni and Shia, agree on most of the fundamental beliefs and. He also compiled an anthology of contemporary poetry.[35]. The tribal rivalries among the Qizilbash, which temporarily ceased before the defeat at Chaldiran, resurfaced in intense form immediately after the death of Ismil, and led to ten years of civil war (930040/15241533) until Shh Tahmsp regained control of the affairs of the state. The judge (qazi) was informed of relevant points involved and would decide whether or not to take up the case. "The Safavid Period" in Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence. Humayun was not the only royal figure to seek refuge at Tahmasp's court. After Saf al-Dn, the leadership of the Safaviyya passed to Sadr al-Dn Ms ( 794/139192). She was by no means content to exercise a more or less indirect influence on affairs of state: instead, she openly carried out all essential functions herself, including the appointment of the chief officers of the realm. In cultural matters, Tahmsp presided the revival of the fine arts, which flourished under his patronage. The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I ( CC BY-SA 4.0) The Safavids were a dynastic family that ruled over modern-day Iran. Ismil's successors, most manifestly Shh Abbs I, successfully diminished the influence of the Qizilbash on the affairs of the state. The legal system was built up of two branches: civil law, which had its roots in sharia, received wisdom, and urf, meaning traditional experience and very similar to the Western form of common law. [75] Temporary terms were followed by the Peace of Amasya in June 1555, ending the war with the Ottomans for the next two decades. The group crossed the Caspian Sea and spent the winter in Moscow before proceeding through Norway and Germany (where it was received by Emperor Rudolf II) to Rome, where Pope Clement VIII gave the travellers a long audience. [49] According to Arnold J. Toynbee,[245], In the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of litterae humaniores by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers. If Turkey is willing to help, get them to put subs in the Black Sea, while you do the same in the Caspian Sea. The period of the Safavids, the dynasty that took control of Persia in the early 16th century, is often considered the beginning of modern Persian history, just as the state they created is said to mark the genesis of the Persian nation-state. From the time of Shah Abbas onwards, more land was brought under the direct control of the shah. Notes on the Safavid Empire - Northern Virginia Community College The Safavid dynasty (/sfvd, s-/; Persian: , romanized: Dudmne Safavi, pronounced [dudmne sfvi]) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran from 1501 to 1736. It seems likely that most, if not all, of the Turkoman grandees at the court also spoke Persian, which was the language of the administration and culture, as well as of the majority of the population. Safavid Iran - Wikipedia Abbas I recognized the commercial benefit of promoting the artsartisan products provided much of Iran's foreign trade. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, they controlled all of what is now Iran, Republic of Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. [33] A collection of his poems in Azeri were published as a Divan. His tactics in dealing with the Ottoman threat eventually allowed for a treaty which preserved peace for twenty years. In response, a Ghilzai Afghan chieftain named Mirwais Hotak revolted and killed Gurgin Khan, the Safavid governor of the region, along with his army. Even though the Safavids were not the first Shii rulers in Iran, they played a crucial role in making Shia Islam the official religion in the whole of Iran, as well as what is nowadays the Republic of Azerbaijan. They particularly established monopoly of the spice and porcelain trade between the Far East and Iran. It was a Turkish dialect, the dialect of the Qizilbash Turkomans, which is still spoken today in the province of Azerbaijan, in north-western Iran. [164], As noted before, a key aspect of the Persian character was its love of luxury, particularly on keeping up appearances. The 'Amili (Shiite scholars of what is now South Lebanon) operating through the Court-based religious posts, were forced to master the Persian language; their students translated their instructions into Persian. The Qizilbash were warriors, spiritual followers of Haydar, and a source of the Safavid military and political power. The main imports were spice, textiles (woolens from Europe, cottons from Gujarat), metals, coffee, and sugar. religious differences led to much hostility between . Savory, "Safavid Persia" in: Ann Katherine Swynford Lambton, Peter Malcolm Holt, Bernard Lewis, F. Daftary, "Intellectual Traditions in Islam", I.B.Tauris, 2001. p. 147: "But the origins of the family of Shaykh Safi al-Din go back not to Hijaz but to Kurdistan, from where, seven generations before him, Firuz Shah Zarin-kulah had migrated to Adharbayjan". However, a mutiny among his officers who refused to spend the winter at Tabriz forced him to withdraw across territory laid waste by the Safavid forces, eight days later". Despite the reforms, the Qizilbash would remain the strongest and most effective element within the military, accounting for more than half of its total strength. They also placed jewels on their arms, such as on daggers and swords. [218] In 1602, Shah Abbas I drove the Portuguese out of Bahrain, but he needed naval assistance from the newly arrived British East India Company to finally expel them from the Strait of Hormuz and regain control of this trading route. The Safavid dynasty (/sfvd, s-/; Persian: , romanized: Dudmne Safavi, pronounced [dudmne sfvi]) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran from 1501 to 1736. History of the Ottoman Empire. [49] Ismil was of mixed Turkoman, Kurdish, Pontic Greek, and Georgian descent, and was a direct descendant of the Kurdish f Muslim mystic Sheikh Safi al-Din. Abbas was unable to comply. After subsequent campaigns, the Safavids recaptured Baghdad in 1623 during the OttomanSafavid War (162339) yet lost it again to Murad IV in 1638 after Abbas had died.
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