known for the Maillard reaction in bread making27. Can Vegans Stomach the Unpalatable Truth about Quinoa? Quinoa plants were grown in a growth chamber under controlled conditions: 60% relative humidity, 418.2 ppm CO 2, a 16 h/8 h light/dark cycle, and temperature of 23 1 C.The light was produced from three band fluorescent lamps (T5/28W), and the light intensity was 120 mol/m 2 /s. PubMedGoogle Scholar. [67][66] There are wide discrepancies in the suggested dates of introduction, one study suggests c. 1000 BC as the introduction date while another suggests 6001100 AD. This takes into consideration the question of ownership regarding quinoa from Andean nations as a strategic approach towards adapting sustainable production. reported an average of 17.2% of dietary fiber in quinoa harvested in the south of Italy. Lopes et al. Recommendations for reporting metabolite data. Additionally, we determined agronomic traits such as plant height, total biomass, panicle density, days to flowering, and seed weight (Fig. Small E. QuinoaIs the United Nations featured crop of 2013 bad for biodiversity? As the current academic discourse illustrates, understanding present land use change on the local level is necessary in order to improve future forecasts and to achieve a more sustainable agricultural production. Quinoa production is still small, which explains why specific machinery was not being developed to help resolve the technological limitations that hinder the grain processing and why the market for such technologies was limited. Due to the physicochemical and biological properties of saponins, these can be used in several commercial applications in the agricultural (e.g., as a bio-insecticide), food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors. Cauda C., Micheletti C., Minerdo B., Scaffidi C., Signoroni E. Quinoa: An Ancient Crop to Contribute to World Food Security. Last but not the least, a critical analysis of the quinoa market was conducted to develop a qualitative outlook and to provide projections regarding this market. PCA analysis identified 21 genotypes, mostly originating from Peru/Latin America, whose position in the PCA plot largely correlates with their geographical origin (Supplementary Table3). Furthermore, this enables the community to collect metabolite data of 471 different genotypes to generate a standard metabolome of quinoa. The initial screening of articles was performed with the University of Hohenheim search engine (https://rds-hoh.ibs-bw.de/hohsearch/) that gathered different databases and single journals provided by the university. Its seeds are high in protein and fibre, and its young leaves are also nutritious and can be eaten as a vegetable similar to spinach (to which it is related). The proximate composition of quinoa seeds, as reported in the literature, is presented in Table 1. Quinoa: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits S.B. Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of However, the original consumers are the peasants for which quinoa has been a staple food for ages, and is embedded within their traditions and customs [50,51,52,53]. Although processing does not significantly improve the digestibility of starch, it does affect binding and organoleptic characteristics of the final product. The appreciation of quinoa as a food by Andean populations relies on its high nutritional value, as it is the principal protein source for rural populations, substituting the lack of animal protein [23]. 9697). Data are presented in EXCEL files (Supplementary Dataset1). Firstly, it is considered a superfood as well, due to its high nutritional value and its market has great potentials with increasing demand. Consequently, side stream processing of waste from quinoa production in agriculture, topical applications, feedstock, and bioenergy has great potential to be expanded upon in the future. and B.M.R. Schiermeier Q. It has changed not only in the area of distribution, but also in regards to the climate this plant was originally adapted to, in contrast to the climates on which it is able to successfully grow in now. goosefoot, (genus Chenopodium), genus of several weedy salt-tolerant plants belonging to the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), found in temperate regions around the world. The obtained results concluded that 30% quinoa bran has the potential to be substituted for normal feed consumption with a beneficial effect regarding anti-parasitic effects from the quinoa by-products. FFPD firms focus on radical innovation and not incremental innovations as their goals are not to minimize costs and focus on long term goals unlike the current NPD. Distributed across the macro components of quinoa seeds are micro constituents such as minerals and bioactive compounds are present in minor scales. Bedoya-Perales N.S., Pumi G., Mujica A., Talamini E., Padula A.D. Quinoa expansion in Peru and its implications for land use management. Moreover, among the advances in developing novel molluscicides against the Golden Apple Snail (GAS) is using the quinoa husk [43]. Foods and fads: The welfare impacts of rising quinoa prices in Peru. Thus, alongside with analyzing quinoa production in the global food supply chain, empowering connections between producers and consumers and enhancing fair local market conditions is needed. The case of Aa [(accessed on 10 January 2020)]; Pegler L. Peasant inclusion in global value chains: Economic upgrading but social downgrading in labour processes? [6] Quinoa is not a grass but rather a pseudocereal botanically related to spinach and amaranth (Amaranthus spp. D-12140, 15. Scientific Data These characteristics are therefore very relevant for areas prone to food insecurity. [36] Due to the short growing season, North American cultivation requires short-maturity varieties, typically of Bolivian origin. [16] These are small, incomplete, sessile flowers of the same colour as the sepals, and both pistillate and perfect forms occur. Puffed quinoa can then be consumed directly, or grinded into an instant product, as an instant cereal, or as an ingredient of energy bars. Metabolites were extracted and measured twice to assess metabolic profilings reproducibility. Winnowing consists of the separation of Jipi or perigonium and biomass from the commercial grain. Walsh-Dilley notes in her study of San Juan de Rosario community in Bolivia, that since the efficiency of using tractors is perceived to be decreasing (e.g., due to quality of new quinoa lands, land degradation, and climate change), producers are opting for returning to hand labor to minimize the risks occurring [72]. Saponin content of quinoa seeds of different varieties. Abya Yala Chapter. Takao T., Watanabe N., Yuhara K., Itoh S., Suda S., Tsuruoka Y., Nakatsugawa K., Konishi Y. Hypocholesterolemic effect of protein isolated from quinoa (. The grains undergo a series of processes including: preliminary sorting and removal of impurities; saponin removal; drying; sorting by size; separation of grains based on their color; and removal of residual impurities [6,32]. Quinoa abiotic stress responses: A review. It is a good source of calcium, iron, and the vitamins A and C. It is also known as Chenopodium or lamb's quarters. Another important . The emphasis has been laid on consuming a plant-based diet and to lessen meat consumption. 293, 299306 (2019). Its thick cylindrical stalk can be straight or branching and bears alternate leaves that range from lanceolate (tapering to a point) to roughly triangular. [11][12] In 2011, the average price was US $3,115 per tonne with some varieties selling as high as $8,000 per tonne. proved to discredit these worries of ethical consumption with analyzing Peruvian households and the relationship between their welfare and rising prices, both in terms of production and consumption in the period between 2004 and 2013 [79]. In: Bazile D., Bertero D., Nieto C., editors. Keywords utilized for the search included: biogas AND quinoa waste AND alternative use AND biomass yield AND pellets AND processing AND antibacterial AND husk AND saponin AND topical application AND quinoa extract AND starch granules. analyzed in Chile the role of tourism in rethinking a sustainable alternative to traditional agriculture in line with preserving the quinoa heritage of the territories studied [76]. in Bolivia as well, not only in terms of increase of cultivated areas but also in the decrease in yield performance [73]. MetaboLights https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS2382 (2022). This addressed the phenomenon from a discourse perspective, in which quinoa consumption is embedded namely in the narrative of commodifying an indigenous and ancient crop as a curative metaphor for solving hunger and malnutrition. Global North consumers are the target for this product as the profit margins are very good. (B) Representative genotypes with diversity in seeds. D-12020, 8. The seeds were sown by hand by dibbling 2-3 seeds for each hole/location into the ground, to a depth of 1-2cm near the dripper. CHEN 109, 5. While studies presenting empirical evidence have been published on diverse topics, critical aspects have been raised with respect to the sustainability of quinoa production. [19] In the natural environment, betalains serve to attract animals to generate a greater rate of pollination and ensure, or improve, seed dissemination. Consequently, a change in diet has also been emphasized by the UN and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a section of their special report in 2019, as a way to reduce the land clearing and the consequences of animal agriculture [47]. Other polysaccharides that can be extracted from quinoa have also been reported to show biological activities, thus presenting other possible revenue streams [1,36,37]. Gamboa C., Schuster M., Maertens M., Schrevens E. Macedo G.A. On the other hand, Winkel calls out the alarming voices raised about endangered biodiversity and highlights studies which suggest that the booming commercial production in the southern highlands of Bolivia has not altered its biodiversity [62] (pp. Walsh-Dilley has argued that cooperation amongst other members of the community alongside reciprocity would be the way towards a moral economy [72]. Lastly, technological advances cannot flourish limitlessly, as quinoa is a skilled labor-intensive crop. melanospermum, is known from South America, but no equivalent closely related to Ch. [citation needed] The addition of phosphorus does not improve yield. Data on relative humidity, temperature, and rainfall at the experimental site were recorded by the meteorological station at ICBA (Supplementary Table4). Goosefoot plants are often rank-smelling, and a number of species have leaves that resemble the foot of a goosehence their common name. Rotation is common with potato, cereals and legumes including Lupinus mutabilis. With this, morphological adaptations began to happen until having five ecotypes today. Table 6 summarizes the reported values for mineral content of quinoa seeds reported in the literature. Thank you for visiting nature.com. These compounds have gained importance since they promote health benefits such as positive effects on the immune system, cardiovascular diseases, cell membrane function, and increased insulin sensitivity [18,26]. This process restructures the starch and protein content of quinoa, thus producing different textures. AMES 19046, 9. 8 Impressive Quinoa Nutrition facts and Health benefits Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): An Overview of the Potentials of Experiments were carried out at the field research facilities of the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, ICBA (N 25 05.847; E 055 23.464), Dubai, the United Arab Emirates, from November 2016 to April 2017. Recognition of traditional knowledge, ownership, benefit-sharing and inclusive innovation continue to stand at the core of the debate over intellectual property rights and quinoa [8,89]. Thus, as yields increase, it can lead to changing traditional agricultural methods, expansion of land and new technologies. Biodiversity of Andean Grains: Balancing Market Potential and Sustainable Livelihoods. Alarcon M., Santos C., Cevallos M., Eyzaguirre R., Ponce S. Study of the mechanical and energetic properties of pellets produce from agricultural biomass of quinoa, beans, oat, cattail and wheat. Quinoa quandary: Cultural tastes and nutrition in Peru. The dough is then extruded through the machine and sheared at the outlet with a rotary cutter to obtain the final product [32]. [12][51][48]:17677 However, a 2016 study using Peru's Encuesta Nacional de Hogares found that rising quinoa prices during 20042013 led to net economic benefits for producers,[52] and other commentary indicated similar conclusions,[53] including for women specifically. Thus, quinoa production, use, and consumption started to decrease in urban settings, but quinoa cultivation in the communal lands (aynokas) was preserved. Pearsall, D.M. Goosefoot | plant | Britannica Winkel T., Bommel P., Chevarra-Lazo M., Cortes G., Del Castillo C., Gasselin P., Lger F., Nina-Laura J.P., Rambal S., Tichit M., et al. Shahid, S. A., Dakheel, A. H., Mufti, K. A. Connected to international property rights, the International Year of Quinoa (IYQ) in 2013 previously mentioned, found also heavy criticism [84,87]. A common problem these countries face is a system that has a weak market or lack thereof, risk-averse behavior shown by farmers, and a major lack of knowledge and technical diffusion. What Is Quinoa? One of The World's Healthiest Foods This can provide a valuable side stream of revenue from the quinoa production and processing for the quinoa producers, while at the same time offering health benefits to consumers. In conclusion, the tendency to test this crop according to the local productions conditions to expand national markets is on the rise. Investigations of how such interactions alter the nutritional composition of plant parts for particular cultivars and selected genetic traits response to abiotic stresses is important to be scrutinized by the scholarship. RNA-seq analysis and reconstruction of gene networks involved in Oliveira G., Hecht S. Sacred groves, sacrifice zones and soy production: Globalization, intensification and neo-nature in South America. [43][44] The crop yield in the Andean region (often around 3 t/ha up to 5 t/ha) is comparable to wheat yields. On account of such properties, quinoa starch is extremely appropriate for the production of prepared frozen baby food as it shows good freeze-thawing stability. Furthermore, it can serve as a cautionary regarding the impact evaluation of turning quinoa into a global commodity and scale as a key question in evaluating sustainability potentials. Competition is enhanced with further inclusion of external stakeholders such as medical and research institutions, input suppliers, pharmaceuticals, research organizations [109]. Crop Family Genus Species Common name - North Dakota State University Secondly and consequently, the market has seen an increase in consumer awareness [50,51]. Stubbs J.J., Scott S.E., Duarte C. Responding to food, environment and health challenges by changing meat consumption behaviours in consumers. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A., Barrios-Masias, F. H., Fuentes, F. & Murphy, K. M. Quinoa abiotic stress responses: A Review. In the times of uncertainty (i.e., in connection to land use) cooperatives can lead a way in the governance of natural resources [69]. Pulvento et al. Finally, we investigated correlations between and within different metabolite classes and phenotypic traits (Fig. We acknowledge the EIT Food education program which provided the funds for an open access publication in the context of the winning prize for top students of the summer school Food Tech Transitions: reconnecting agri-food, technology, and society (project number 19162). In highland Bolivia, marketization and upgrading would not infect the farmers. Samples were run in ten consecutive sets of 50 samples and one set of 10 samples. The ash contains a diversified profile of minerals including a high content of calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc. Fat Hen, Lambs Quarters, White Goosefoot, Chenopodium album - Wild Food UK Nutritional Powerhouses: 8 Foods That Pack a Nutritional Punch, University of Otago - Department of Geology - Quinoa: The Mother Grain of the Incas, Verywell Fit - Quinoa Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits, LiveScience - Quinoa: Health Benefits and Nutrition Facts, Healthline - 8 Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Quinoa, Agricultural Marketing Resource Center - Quinoa, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The quinoa plant is a grain crop. The concerns (i.e., extensive agriculture, larger competitors, etc.) It seems to be perfectly positioned for meeting contemporary expectations and needs as was just highlighted above, due to its agronomic characteristics, nutritional value, health benefits and by-product use that we exposed in the first part of this article. After finding this problematic example, a deeper study was conducted on all of the post-harvest processing steps. White quinoa, Red quinoa and Black quinoa are some common varieties of Quinoa. The GAS is considered to be one of the most invasive species in the world and has threatened rice agriculture in many countries. [51], In terms of wider social consequences, research on traditional producers in Bolivia has emphasised a complex picture. Its thick cylindrical stalk can be straight or branching and bears alternate leaves that range from lanceolate (tapering to a point) to roughly triangular. The species are distinguished by flowers with no petals, and in the fruit being an achene or utricle. Quinoa characteristics - Botanical online [25][31] In South America, these saponins have many uses, including as a detergent for clothing and washing, and as a folk medicine antiseptic for skin injuries. Winkel T., Flores R.., Bertero D., Cruz P., del Castillo C., Joffre R., Parada S.P., Tonacca L.S. Cite this article. Academic databases and search engines (e.g., Scopus and Google Scholar) were utilized in searching for articles in English in two distinct periods, before and after 2014, focusing on the peak of the quinoa boom and its aftermath. Quinoa essential amino acid scoring patterns (Scoring patterns, as defined by FAO, are based upon on the amino acid requirement values divided by the mean protein requirement [20]) can be seen in Table 3, which shows quinoa exceeds the scoring patterns for 8 essential amino acids [20,21,22]. Given its cultural and religious links, Spaniards saw it as non-Christian, and therefore looked to replace it with other cereals [4,5,6]. The quinoa saponins occur predominantly in the form of triterpenoid glycosides12,13,14. It has gained worldwide growing attention, not only due to its nutritional and functional properties but also because of its ability to be cultivated under adverse climate conditions. The llama population and its role in sustainable quinoa production can be assessed two-fold. Quinoa seeds are the main edible part of the quinoa plant, nevertheless quinoa leaves are rich in phenolic compounds that present antioxidant and anticancer properties. The specific epithet quinoa is a borrowing from the Spanish quinua or quinoa, itself derived from Quechua kinwa. Correspondence to They are considered to be the most anti-nutritional factor in quinoa seeds, acting as a natural protection against pathogens and herbivorous. Raw, uncooked quinoa is 13% water, 64% carbohydrates, 14% protein, and 6% fat. As a result, in accordance with the keywords, 13 articles were chosen to critically analyze the quinoa market and to produce an outlook on market trends. If a switch in our diets is needed, if we take seriously the demand for healthy, sustainable, ethical food products and goods as a demand for pursuing sustainability, then we have to learn from the paths we have walked on so far, and act accordingly. Woldemichael, G. M. & Wink, M. Identification and biological activities of triterpenoid saponins from Chenopodium quinoa. Winkel et al. To give an idea of the level of contestation and possible issues rising, suffice it to say that civil reactions due to distrust in marketers and agro-tech have led a minimum of 29 countries including citizens and organizations to file more than 1300 lawsuits against corporate business and government actions within their respective countries and more than 75% were notified in the United States [93]. It is increasingly cultivated for its nutritious grains, which are rich in . Brand Leadership and Product Innovation as Firm Strategies in Global Food Markets. As mentioned previously, quinoa flour is among the products that are developed from quinoa seeds. [(accessed on 25 October 2019)]; Winkel T., Nez-Carrasco L., Cruz P.J., Egan N., Sez-Tonacca L., Cubillos-Celis P., Poblete-Olivera C., Zavalla-Nanco N., Mio-Baes B., Viedma-Araya M.P. Seed samples were extracted using the MTBE/methanol method, followed by LC-MS analysis of the lipid and polar fractions, peak detection using GeneData software, and compound annotations using in-house reference libraries, and in-source fragmentation. CHEN 70, 14. Since its promotion by American entrepreneurs David Cusack, Steve Gorad, and Don McKinley and by agricultural researcher Duane Johnson in the late 1970s, quinoa has been hailed as a superfood and has grown in popularity around the world. [50], Rising quinoa prices over the period of 2006 to 2017 may have reduced the affordability of quinoa to traditional consumers.
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