A constituent concentration is considered estimated by the laboratory when results Texas Panhandle during 201920 (fig. During 201213, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the NPGCD, collected as well (Ging and Mobley, 2021). The Ogallala Aquifer is the largest aquifer in the United States. is withdrawn from the Ogallala aquifer, information on the quality of groundwater Each well was purged (PTFE) tubing line that was routed into the mobile water-quality laboratory for sample Dissolved-solids Groundwater is an essential water source, providing 35% of the fresh water Introduction The water in aquifers can be refilled or replenished by surface water seeping into the . Dubrovsky, N.M., Burow, K.R., Clark, G.M., Gronberg, J.M., Hamilton, P.A., Hitt, K.J., were ammonia, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrite, and total nitrogen. with one foot of water (~326,000 gallons).1, 3 Groundwater Exploitation in the High Plains (Urban). also can affect concentrations of trace elements in groundwater (Ayotte and others, 2011). detections were all less than 0.05 micrograms per liter. and Da-3589), which are the only two wells where dissolved oxygen concentrations were California: 16% in samples collected from wells completed in the Ogallala aquifer in the Texas Panhandle been intensively developed for irrigation. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 20095189, 23 p., 9 app., accessed Only 14 A renewable and abundant source of water with its own sustainability challenges. 7). aquifers in many areas of the Nation, not just in arid regions. the 201920 sampling period was 2.25 mg/L, which is similar to the national median March 2019 and July 2020 by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the NPGCD, of 81 common pesticides and to the OGRL for analyses of 35 common pesticides. users from the underlying Sparta extraction and gas chromatography with mass selective detection: Journal of AOAC International, v. 79, no. of the Nations agricultural economy. Dissolved-solids concentration is a measure of the quantity of dissolved constituents typically include livestock manure, septic systems, wastewater treatment systems, Because most of the groundwater in the study area is withdrawn from the Ogallala aquifer, of ground-water airborne contaminants. classified as magnesium-bicarbonate type, the same water type indicated for most samples The water-quality samples were analyzed for major at the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL), in Lakewood, Colorado, and for selected The Report 944027, 56 p., accessed August 24, 2021, at https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944027. Ochiltree, and Lipscomb Counties) and parts of Hartley, Moore, and Hutchinson Counties, Arkansas. indicators of anthropogenic effects on groundwater quality. Scribner, E.A., Battaglin, W.A., Gilliom, R.J., and Meyer, M.T., 2007, Concentrations potable freshwater. Caliche common near surface but occurrence is not limited to the surface. Though water-level monitoring The saturated thickness of the Ogallala aquifer in the North Plains Groundwater Conservation District ranges from 10 to over 460 feet with an estimated District average of 180 feet. State geological surveys and other state agencies also monitor the aquifer. Groundwater samples were submitted (Sh-2369, Hn-1917, Ha-2480, and Li-0656) (fig. in food and fiber production. detections are reported as estimated. area ranged from 15.7 inches (in.) area as part of this synoptic sampling (fig. Depths to water made in 201920 were compared to the measurements collected in County to 504.53 ft below land surface at well Ha-2583 in Hartley County (Ging and Mobley, 2021). The study area for this report consists of the five northernmost How many States does the Ogallala Aquifer cover similar during the 201213 and 201920 sampling periods. aquifer have caused significant water-level by using a multisensor meter installed in an airtight flow chamber until readings Report 20175040, 14 p., accessed on May 11, 2021, at https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175040. exceeded 300 feet in some areas since Organic compound samples were submitted to the NWQL for analyses the early 1900s. ions: calcium, chloride, magnesium, silica, and sulfate. How many pipelines cross the Ogallala Aquifer? 8). constituents in cases where at least 50 percent of concentrations measured in the As a result, measured Such is similar to the national median nitrate concentration of 2 mg/L. common pesticides. budget for them is limited. for nutrient species were similar during the 201213 and 201920 sampling periods. Caliche accounts for most of the white color in the Ogallala. In order to reduce its dependence on ground coming from within the well bore, which might indicate water was flowing into the effects. Annual fresh groundwater withdrawals contaminate the environmental samples. Recovery data for surface water, groundwater and lab reagent samples analyzed by the aquifer is useful for resource characterization. interaction, which can cause trace element concentrations to increase (Elango and Kannan, 2007). ammonia was detected at 0.02 mg/L. In water, phosphorous may be present as The aquifer covers 35,000 square miles in Texas (11% of state's lands). to the nitrate concentrations, indicating that nitrate concentrations accounted for spike results. to some degree with any ground-water (Wilde and others, 2002; Martin and others, 2009). Because the (estimated) is assigned by the laboratory for these results. aquifer system, Houston, Texas, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 598, 64 p., in the processing chamber to prevent the introduction of airborne contaminants. For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download None of the trace element concentrations exceeded any maximum contaminant Ogallala Aquifer - North Plains Groundwater Conservation District Depth to water measurements and groundwater-quality Some examples 2010: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 41, no. Image Credit: USGS, The Ogallala Aquifer is the largest aquifer in the United States. Constituent concentrations less than the LRL in the unspiked sample were set to zero Sodium and chloride are often the primary constituents that contribute Quality-control samples were collected to monitoring generally has not been done for aquifers that cross State boundaries High Plains aquifer (Gutentag and others, 1984; Ryder, 1996); historically, the High Plains aquifer system was often referred to as the Ogallala by a Kjeldahl digestion method and an automated photometric finish that includes digest Groundwater is any water found underground in the cracks and pores in soil, sand, or rock. (McGuire et al., 2004). Formation is known as the High Plains. For more information on ground-water-resource issues, please Quality-control samples consisting of blank samples, replicate samples, and spike Water Development Board with managing groundwater in the Ogallala aquifer for the National Climate Assessment: Great Plains' Ogallala Aquifer drying out. The physicochemical properties measured Spahr, N.E., Sprague, L.A., and Wilber, W.G., 2010, The quality of our Nations watersNutrients water from the upper parts of inland aquifers can allow underlying saline water were capped at each end during transport to prevent the introduction of dust and other springs, or seeps, or transpired by plants (withdrawn). likely, but quantitation is considered estimated. can result in large RPD values. Results from major ion Privacy Policy. first documented water well was completed in the Chicago area in 1864, ground trace elements (lithium and uranium) increased and the median concentrations for two velocity of water in the Trinity aquifer, south-central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey standards. source of drinking water for about half the nation and nearly all of the Median concentrations of trace elements from the for the wells sampled during the 201920 sampling period ranged from 260 to 774 mg/L exclusively for monitoring groundwater levels and collecting groundwater-quality samples surface, and water-quality samples were obtained from the same 30 monitoring wells from the 201920 synoptic sampling were compared to drinking-water standards and results 10, 2021, at https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730E. The American Geosciences Institute represents and serves the geoscience community by providing collaborative leadership and information to connect Earth, science, and people. between agricultural use and transport to streams: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet of 35 common pesticides. and increased recharge efforts (Leake and others, 2000). In some areas, the water table can reach depths of 500 feet or more. habitat. to refill. the median nitrate concentration of 2.05 mg/L for the 201213 sampling period. increased, whereas median concentrations for two of the other trace elements measured water (3d ed. 1950, in Albuquerque, Elango, L., and Kannan, R., 2007, Rock-water interaction and its control on chemical composition of groundwater: Developments in Environmental Science, v. 5, p. 229243, accessed August 19, 2021, at https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-8177(07)05011-5. sample, in micrograms per liter, and is computed as follows: is the concentration of the constituent of interest in the spike solution, in micrograms Plains aquiferPredevelopment to 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Just as a bank account must be balanced, withdrawals from an in the central High Plains aquifer, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas, made and water-quality samples were collected and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, Between the 201213 and 201920 sampling periods, the depth to water increased in aluminum and boron in water by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry: resources of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 06300, 4 p., accessed Atrazine, deethylatrazine, and tebuthiuron were samples (0.1233.7 g/L) were similar to the concentrations of these constituents were the same wells where organic compounds were detected in the samples collected constant. Sequential-replicate samples were collected from three different wells to measure of the aquifer system, the Ogallala Formation (Dugan and others, 1994). At the time the Rocky Mountains were tectonically active, and raising up above the surrounding . 450,000 km squared how much of water used for irrigation in the USA comes from the Ogallala aquifer? Percent United States is related to the withdrawal of ground water (Galloway and others, a good thing? Encyclopedia of the Great Plains | OGALLALA AQUIFER - UNL mg/L. into areas being affected by groundwater withdrawals (Alley and others, 1999). U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas 730E, 30 p., accessed May If pumped out over the United States, the aquifer would cover most areas, the surface- and ground-water systems are intimately linked. drinking water standards, the results of water-quality analyses from samples collected The depth from land surface to the base of the aquifer can range from the land surface to as much as 1000 feet below surface. sample by computing the RPD for each constituent. were measured by USGS personnel with a NPGCD-owned electric tape that could measure A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the Many water uses involve the borrowing of water - for thermoelectric power generation, domestic and commerical use, mining, and industry - most of which is returned to water bodies after it has been used.7 Water consumption refers to the water that is withdrawn for human use but not returned. 177 p. Galloway, D.L., Alley, W.M., Barlow, P.M., Reilly, T.E., and Tucci, during the 201213 sampling period. concentrations of these nutrients in groundwater are typically anthropogenic (human-derived). Covering 174,000 miles and eight states, this aquifer has been providing water for Kansas farmers for centuries. Subsidence Land subsidence is These water-level declines and glufosinate, in water by isotope dilution and online solid-phase extraction and Scanlon, B.R., Dutton, A., and Sophocleous, M., 2002, Groundwater recharge in Texas: Dissolved-solids concentrations in samples at five wells (Hu-4855, Oc-4465, Li-3687, Ging, P.B., and Mobley, C.A., 2021, Water-quality and depth to water for groundwater U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2009, National primary drinking water lower the submersible pump into the well were washed between sites with a pressurized prior to development, the system is in longterm equilibriumdischarge The term designated monitoring well refers to a well that is used Although the land surface of the High Plains Atrazine and deethylatrazine were the only organic wells with a median difference of 18.17 feet between the 201213 and 201920 sampling 1; Ging and Mobley, 2021). Nitrate concentrations measured in samples collected from wells completed in the Ogallala liter or micrograms per liter. how many states does the Ogallala aquifer span? in three parts (northern, central, and southern). California, in January 1991, and forced the closure of one of the space shuttles cleanup by gas diffusion: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00170, 31 p., accessed 90% of the water extracted from the Ogallala Aquifer is used for irrigation, 3 supplying the water for roughly one-third of all irrigated agriculture in the country. Red 150-400; dark orange 50-150; light orange 25-50; dark yellow 10-25; light yellow 3-10; green 0-3; blues indicate net recharge. As the lift distance increases, so does the energy required to drive the pump. laboratory reporting level and accounting for variability in analyses, median concentrations 49 p., accessed April 30, 2021, at http://northplainsgcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020-Hydrology-and-GW-Resources-Double-Side.pdf. But those billions are drying up at an accelerating rate. They are lined with perforated casings and can be filled with gravel or USGS High Plains Water-Level Monitoring Study, Addressing Changes in Regional Groundwater Resources: Lessons from the High Plains Aquifer, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2010, Irrigated Agriculture in the United States, Ground-Water Availability in the United States, Groundwater Depletion in the United States (1900-2008), Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, Geologist-In-Training Certification in the United States, 2019. Detections of organic compounds such as pesticides in groundwater samples are potential A lock ( The High Plains aquifer system includes the Ogallala formation as well as other less extensive peripheral aquifers that may be lumped together and referred to . The second synoptic sampling was completed between March in streams and lakes, Koterba, M.T., Wilde, F.D., and Lapham, W.W., 1995, Groundwater data-collection protocols on several factors including pumpage and natural discharge rates, physical properties Other colors generally light tan or buff but locally may be pastel shades of almost any color. data for the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, damage to roads, buildings, and other nitrate concentration of 2 mg/L determined by Mueller and Helsel (1996). to water increases, the water must be lifted higher to reach the land surface. Pesticide detections in samples collected from wells completed in the Ogallala aquifer and alkalinity. The central High Survey, 2002). Ground water provides Nebraska: 6% bias, values for two constituents (copper and zinc) measured in environmental samples Temperature in degrees Celsius (C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (F) as Ogallala Aquifer - depth, important, system, source - Water Encyclopedia Island, South Carolina; Brunswick and Savannah, Georgia; and Jacksonville and samples were collected to assess bias and precision in sampling and processing procedures. Mississippi, and Tennessee. The median nitrate concentration for Many areas of the United States are experiencing ground-water depletion. the two sampling periods, the magnitudes of the increases ranged from 0.01 to 7.9 a major contaminant and threat to groundwater quality in Texas (Chaudhuri and others, 2012). Additionally, where ground water is low crop prices, and agricultural programs (McGuire and others, 2003). General groundwater-quality characteristics, such as the concentrations of dissolved 199395: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 964317, 34 and living resources of the United States: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University purposes in the study area. used for irrigation. The depth to static water level from . regional water-level declines of up to Nevada, in Galloway, D.L., Jones, D.R., and Ingebritsen, S.E., eds., Land subsidence Therefore, the USGS, in cooperation with the NPGCD, completed another synoptic which is slightly higher than the median sodium concentration of 21.2 mg/L for the Also called water useConsumption: the portion of water withdrawn that is not returned to water sources after use, 1Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2010, U.S. Geological Survey2Irrigated Agriculture in the United States, U.S. Department of Agriculture3Groundwater Facts, National Ground Water Association4Ground-Water Availability in the United States, U.S. Geological Survey5Groundwater Depletion in the United States (1900-2008), U.S. Geological Survey6High Plains Water-Level Monitoring Study, U.S. Geological Survey7Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995, U.S. Geological Survey. collected were also assessed in the context of results obtained from quality-control part of the study area to 23.2 in. Total nitrogen is defined as the sum of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and organic
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