It may feel like every small town from Portland to St Petersburg nowadays has a plethora of craft breweries, and thats probably because they do. Easy to ignore the fact beer is no longer just beer. Its origins date back to the brewerys first year in business. > Parent company: MillerCoors. It also turned out that there were more than a few of these stories from around the country. The brands website claims the brew was originally intended to quench the thirst of over 2,500 lumberjacks. Chippewa Falls was a logging town at the time. Contrary to popular belief within the craft community, America's love of beer didn't begin when President Jimmy Carter lifted the national ban on homebrewing during the 1970s and breweries such as New Albion and. Beer in the United States - Wikipedia The first time it was brought to America in 1981, people immediately took it as a luxury product, as if it was a foreign work of art. This blog is reader-supported. Widely recognized to be one of the most balanced Pale Ales on the market, Mirror Pond was brewed with 2-row, Crystal, Carapils, and Munich malts balanced with those now familiar cascade hops as used in the Sierra Nevada beer. Where you were in the country would change what your favorite craft beer was, as many were still years away from nationwide distribution deals. Because there was a mystery about what the beer entailed, soon people from the east coast of America were smuggling many cases of the beer back home after a visit out of town. Drinking stories from the beer industry - Thrillist Some beer brands on this list, like Narragansett, were able to remain open through legal loopholes. Fuller disclosure! Present-day status: Now owned by PBR, Ballantine makes a single brew, which is sold throughout the Northeast & Midwest in 40oz bottles instead of the traditional longnecks. Pabst Blue Ribbon Beer Although the dominance of the major conglomerates was to keep on growing on the domestic and international markets, the growing craft beer scene meant there was more choice than ever before for beer connoisseurs and hopheads alike. Formed in 1985, the very first beer produced by Larry Bell at Kalamazoo Brewing Co, later to be known as Bells, was the Great Lakes Amber Ale (which is now simply known as Amber Ale). > Year introduced: 1885 Category:American beer brands - Wikipedia 21. By the 1980s, Budweiser was synonymous with American culture. Old American Beers - Thrillist Genesee 12 Discontinued Beers You'll Sadly Never See Again 22. > State of origin: Michigan More recently, Fat Tire demands recognition for being the first nationally available carbon-neutral beer. That changed in the 1980s, with Heineken leading the way among brands positioning themselves as an upscale. PORTLAND, Ore. (TheStreet) -- Just because a beer drinker hasn't jumped headlong into the growing craft beer industry or the small brewers that bolster it doesn't mean they prefer "bad" beer. A revived interest in home brewing in the early 70s, along with a reduction in taxation for smaller brewers and the eventual legalization of home brewing across the states, meant there was an ever-growing interest in different styles of ales and lagers. The factory in Brooklyn closed officially in 1976, and the Schaefer beer brand is now owned by beer giant Pabst Brewing Company. It hosted the Miss Rheingold pageant each year through the '40s and '50s and featured the winner in its ads. In addition to these mainstream brands, we consulted the portfolios of the most well known U.S. brewing companies. The brewerys name changed to the Jacob Schmidt Brewing Company in 1901 and remained that way until 1955. > State of origin: New Jersey 24. These beers are typically clean and crisp, and they will have more hop character than their British equivalents as well as higher alcohol content, usually around 4.4-6.0% ABV. "The others have either closed or been. Though Pabst kept the brand afloat by contracting out its brewing to other companies such as, , Falstaff's sales eventually sank so low that the label was discontinued altogether. Natalie Portman, Keira Knightley Lookalike Even Their Why Jennifer Lien Was Fired From Star Trek Why Philip Michael Thomas Vanished After Miami Vice, Leslie Nielsen Facts: Deafness, Arness Confusion and More. Braun was able to produce 150 barrels per year until 1851, when a former employee by the name of Valentine Blatz opened his own brewery right next door. He grew up drinking Rheingold & Ballantine in a Connecticut factory town, then went on to work in marketing for St. Pauli Girl, Labatt, Rolling Rock, and many more. 12. The name changed to Olympia Brewing Co. in 1902, the same year the slogan Its the Water was adopted. > State of origin: Missouri > Year introduced: 1876 Of course, if you have heard of the Corona beer before, you would know that even today it continues to sell like hot cakes. Lionshead Pilsner Beer in Canada - Wikipedia OLYMPIAFounded: 1896, Tumwater, WAHome territory: Pacific-NorthwestClaim to fame: Oly was a player in its heyday, buying up both Hamm's & Lone Star (for a time) with a war chest fortified via a loyal (and thirsty) Wash State market. , learning to brew, reverse engineering the original recipe and teaming up to revive the brand is the only way "The Custom Brew" is coming back. No beer formula, no brewing partner, not even so much as an indication of how he or she is going to use the name. Domestically-brewed craft beers continue to soar in popularity. The brothers were able to acquire the small brewery that Frederick had previously worked at in Manhattan. Nearly all beer was stored in, and then served from, wooden kegs. Though it was not the first brewery to open in Rochester, New York, the Rau & Reisky Brewery opened for business in 1857. RHEINGOLDFounded: 1883, NYCHome territory: NY, NJ, PA, CTClaim to fame: In 1962, the German-American brand became the official beer of the then-new New York Mets. McSorleys Old Ale House was established in 1854, making it New York Citys oldest operating saloon. If the name and the original formula matter, however. > State of origin: New York While Michelob Original Lager is not a top-selling beer these days, it spawned one of the most popular beers in America. . Co-founder of the Brooklyn brewery, Steve Hindy had discovered home brewing upon his return from the Middle East and teamed up with Garret Oliver, who was developing home brews based on his time in London. One of my favorites, still produced to this day, was the Bells Cherry Stout. > State of origin: Washington It's a brewery that flew out cases of beer to the governors of Missouri and Illinois at the end of prohibition. The result was a satisfying combination of sweet malts and resinous, piney hops. 27. This beer, like the Coors, did not have any national reach in the early 1970s, staying regional until 1975. Images, videos and other multimedia published on inthe1980s.com qualifies as Fair Use under U.S. copyright law. 14. At the age of 19, Straub made his way to the U.S. and ended up in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania. Straub As it turned out, there were more than a few folks out there who remembered Ballantine from its heyday from the 1940s through 1960s, when its partnership with the New York Yankees led to famed announcer Mel Allen calling home runs "Ballantine blasts." The Great Beer Debate continues to serve up opinions, with millions of people across the U.S. weighing in on which brew is the best. Miller Lite was born, but Meister Brau was dead. So, it gained the term corona-mania, referring to a time where even the manufacturers were having issues trying to match the constantly rising demand. For many of the local beer drinkers, this was the first craft ale they had experienced and it became known as the beer that built the brewery. The most common style of beer produced by the big breweries is American lager, a form of pale lager; small breweries, most of which were founded since the 1980s, produce a range of styles. JAXFounded: 1913, Jacksonville, FLHome territory: FL, GA, MS, AL, LAClaim to fame: The brand that allegedly invented the six-pack didn't last long, but its hand-painted signs & vintage paraphernalia still fetch good money at auction.Present-day status: Bought by New Orleans' unaffiliated Jackson Brewery after WWII, Jax died when that outfit went bust in the Seventies. Its such an iconic ale that is still widely available today, that even the yeast strain used to produce similar beers is named after Chico. > Parent company: Lion Brewery. Sierra Nevadas piney, citrusy flavors made a star of American hoppy ales. The popularity of the Light beers pioneered by both brewers, and the wide distribution networks both enjoyed, domestic and internationally, meant their positions would be unchallenged as giants of the beer scene, even to this very day. When the San Diego brewery introduced Grapefruit Sculpin, the spinoff built upon the originals profile by including real fruit as an adjunct. We sorted through your beer stories and found a five-pack of great old brews that we agree should find their way back to taps and beer coolers soon: The last time most of America heard from Falstaff, some platinum canary was drinking it in Sheryl Crow's, By then, Falstaff was already a shadow of its once-corpulent self. Rheingold news has slowed to a trickle in recent years, though, as Drinks Americas focuses on its Rio Bravo Mexican craft beers and a "consumer beverage consulting" division. Bud Light, by comparison, has always had an IBU of just 6, making it much less bitter, and, with a lower ABV of 4.2%, it appealed to the younger consumers who tended to be more health conscious and preferred beers with lower alcohol. 5 Old-School Beers We Wish They'd Bring Back - TheStreet In 1980 and 1981, the company had four different CEOs, and by 1982 it was fifth in beer sales in the U.S., dropping from third in 1980. Full disclosure: That was a Bob Marley quote. Dogfish Head had always prided itself on brewing "off . Lone Star Since being bought by the Metropoulos family of owners in 2010, Pabst has begun building fan pages for regional brews including "Natty Boh" and Olympia and making commercials with Will Ferrell for Old Milwaukee. Schells > Parent company: Genesee Brewing Company. ", We touched on the tragedy of Dixie Brewing in a story about. Images of beach life with young girls adorned in sexy bikinis and bottles of Corona garnished with a cool refreshing piece of lime soon worked, and Corona would, in 1987, be second only to Heineken in the imported beer market. Natty Boh has backed the Orioles since 1965 and is considered the official beer of Maryland.Present-day status: Mr. Boh keeps his cycloptic watch over "The Land Of Pleasant Living" from a tower in the original brewery complex. ), the once-proud brew is still sold in parts of the Midwest. When drinkers first tasted and saw the Belgian-style witbier, Allagash White, they thought something was awry because of its cloudy pour. These brave brands fought the good fight, in their failures paving the way for an entire second act in local American beer-brewing. A recent poll by research and analytics group YouGov ranked the 75 most popular beers in the U.S., as indicated by participants, who based ratings on favorability and knowledge of the brands.. > State of origin: Washington > Parent company: Straub Brewery. > Parent company: Pabst Brewing Company. Rheingold's original incarnation stretched from 1883 through 1976 and was a staple of the New York metropolitan area. [6] You probably wont like it.. Brooklyn had previously been a hub of industry, shipbuilding, and farming, with many of the Dutch immigrants and waves of brewers from Germany and Austria playing a key part in shaping Brooklyns brewing scene at one point they had produced 10% of all the beer in America. It doesn't even show up on Pabst's portfolio site, where. > Parent company: Pabst Brewing Company. Though Pabst Brewing Company bought the brand in 1999, it retained its iconic logo, and it remains one of the oldest beers in the United States. Jason Notte is a reporter for TheStreet. 9. Though the Supreme Court eventually ruled for Falstaff in 1973, the cost was so great that the company was sold to Paul Kalmanovitz just two years later. Beer consumption: These are America's 26 top-selling beers - USA TODAY Corona became known for its classic recipe of the finest water, malted barley, hops corn, and yeast while using pils malt and maize to produce a smooth yet crisply refreshing beer. Although we have mainly focussed on the burgeoning craft beers of the 80s, its impossible to look at the most popular beers of the 1980s without talking about the now huge Bud Light, which first appeared in 1982. Stevens Point Brewery, the home of the Point Special Lager, celebrated its 160-year anniversary last year. CHRONOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN BREWING INDUSTRY - Beer History Failing to register in the top 10 brewers would be the many smaller independent breweries that were springing up almost every month across the states. > Year introduced: 1829 Hindy and his later business partner delivered their first batch of Brooklyn Lager to Teddys restaurant in Williamsburg in 1988. Charted: America's Biggest Brewers by Decade, From 1950 to Now A porter and a couple of stouts followed and seemed to take the beers down a darker path more suited for those cold winter months of the Great Lakes area. While the San Francisco brewerys Anchor Steam claims the title of Americas first craft beer (and indeed, became the name many still mistake for the brewery itself), Anchor Brewings Liberty Ale had an even greater impact on the course of craft brewing. Miller High Life Here are some beers that were booming in popularity during the 1980s: This beer was not any better than a lager made with rice, but it was scarcer at the time, and the only ones that were available were exclusively distributed in only 13 western states. Although the brewery only lasted six years it did inspire many of the nearby brewers to experiment with hops and form their own brew houses. However, by the end of the 80s, this had risen to over 10% and today now stands at a 19% share. > Parent company: Yuengling Brewing. When not writing about the 80s, Kathy is raising 4 kids with her husband. SmartAssets free tool matches you with up to three financial advisors who serve your area, and you can interview your advisor matches at no cost to decide which one is right for you. Aaron Goldfarb Image via First We Feast Original In this booming era of nearly 5,000 American breweries, each seemingly making hundreds of different beers per year, it can be difficult for any one offering to pervade the national consciousness, let alone transform into a household name. The evolving hop character of the resulting IPA was a resounding success, and Dogfish Head would go on to release 60-, 75-, and 120-minute variants. It made a crisp, clear brew known as Wiedemann Fine Beer and, by the time Wiedemann died in 1890, was the largest brewer in Kentucky. > State of origin: New York The overwhelming majority of them, however, end with. To this day, the brand remains one of the largest and most successful private craft breweries in the country, largely thanks to its popular Pale Ale. 8. Fortunately, some beer lovers in Newport with a great sense of history picked up the brand and revived it as the. There was even an action movie released in 1977 starring Burt Reynolds called Smokey and the Bandit, about a trucker being dared to steal a truckload of Coors beer. According to the MillerCoors website, the beer became a favorite of miners in the area. They often offer low investment fees, helping you maximize your profit. By 1989 we Britons drunk more lager than we did ale and stout combined. In 2010, Brands USA held an auction for some of its defunct labels and let Meister Brau go for, to an unnamed buyer. The brewery was storm-damaged and stripped of its equipment by looters, and its fate is still in the air. Its hard to believe now but the world had bluetooth and USB flash pen drives before American drinkers could enjoy craft beer from a can. The Honolulu Brewing & Malting Company founded Primo just before the beginning of the 20th century. The craft beer industry group The Brewers Association recently knocked Dixie for using adjunct such as corn in its brew, taking the ever-so-brave step of hitting the brewery while it is down and saying it isn't craft. America's back-in-the-day beer landscapeAs my father tells it, the U.S. beer industry was basically a fiefdom for those intervening decades between Prohibition's blessed repeal and the industrial improvements in bottling, shipping and mass-batch brewing that arrived post-WWII. Since its inception, Primo has halted production of the lager several times. With its expansive railroad network, Anheuser-Busch was able to sell Budweiser outside of St. Louis, making it a national success. The mix of tart citrus, slightly bitter hops, and caramel malts makes this one of the worlds most popular Amber lagers. > Year introduced: 1897 Enter Founders All Day IPA, the first craft beer to prove that flavor, body, and character can all be delivered in sessionable form. 2014 - 2023 VinePair Inc. Made In NYC, 10 Things You Should Know About Sierra Nevada Brewing, When It Comes to Classic Cocktails, 3 (Ounces) Is the Magic Number, All the Movie Theater Chains That Serve Alcohol, Charted: Americas Biggest Brewers by Decade, From 1950 to Now | VinePair, https://vinepair.com/articles/chart-biggest-brewers-america-decade/, wbs_cat Beer, wbs_brand Anheuser Busch, wbs_brand Constellation Brands, wbs_brand Guinness, wbs_brand Miller, wbs_brand Molson Coors, wbs_brand Pabst Brewing, wbs_brand The Boston Beer Company, wbs_brand Yuengling, brewers, Infographics, Visualization, The Florida Marketing Stunt That Gave the World the Sex on the Beach | VinePair, https://vinepair.com/articles/sex-beach-history-florida/, wbs_cat Spirit, wbs_type Liqueur, history, Peach Schnapps, Sex on the Beach. When first released, Bud Light immediately took the number three spot in the light beer segment of the market, and sales steadily increased. Media in category "American beer brands" This category contains only the following file. Kathy fondly remembers the era of big hair and giant shoulder pads! [13] Traditionally, Budweiser was a typical American lager that had, and still has, an ABV of 5% alcohol and a bitterness IBU of 18 (although this later dropped to 12). Coronas clever marketing appealed to a core group of Mexicans living in the US while also giving Corona an image that appealed to American college students and the ever-important 20-somethings beer market. Founder and brewmaster Jacob Schmidt moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1884, where he purchased a large stake in the North Star Brewery. The rise of micro-brewing in the Nineties & Aughts brought on higher-quality ingredients & colossal variety, while the rise of the Internet made it possible for anyone, anywhere, to indulge in (and argue about) every pioneering pint this nation produced. We also reviewed a handful of microbreweries that either predate the 20th century or started in its early years. After Miller Lite set the stage for lowercalorie, lower-ABV beers, Michelob Ultra brought carbs to the conversation in 2002 long before any hard seltzer did. The brewery reports selling more than 750,000 cases of the pilsner every year. 29. Most popular beers in the United States - The List Wire > Parent company: Pabst Brewing Company. > Parent company: Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV. For perspective, that's a brewery roughly three times the size of Samuel Adams maker. Point Special Lager Founded: 1883, NYC 6. 1900: Woman's Christian Temperance Union member Carrie Nation does a hatchet job on the Carey Hotel in Wichita . One of the oldest beers in America, Hamms celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2015. Oh, and she had a ton of Jelly Shoes in various colors and styles. > Year introduced: 1849 > State of origin: Wisconsin Coors finally established a nationwide market presence in the 1980s and eventually became one of the most recognized beer brands in the U.S. Did You Know? While the Hamms brand has changed hands many times in the past several decades, Hamms is now owned by the Molson Coors Brewing Company. Taking inspiration from the neighboring majestic mountain range, Ken Grossman launched Sierra Nevada in 1980 with the goal of bringing home-brewed flavor to a massive audience. As of 2016, Budweiser was the third most popular American beer, with 14.4 million barrels sold in the United States. He grew up drinking Rheingold & Ballantine in a Connecticut factory town, then went on to work in marketing for St. Pauli Girl, Labatt, Rolling Rock, and many more. The beer can be purchased in 10 states in addition to the brewerys home state of Pennsylvania. Strohs only shipped 60,000 barrels in 2016. First exported to Japan in 1989 by an enterprising beer fan, the international market for this 80s lager quickly grew, and Brooklyn Lager is now available in over 30 countries on 5 continents. Back then, enjoying one east of the Mississippi meant paying four times the retail value for a can smuggled across state lines a unique situation at the time, which inspired the Burt Reynolds classic, Smokey and the Bandit.. BALLANTINE Below is a look at the nation's Top 10 largest beer makers for 1950, 1960, 1970 and 1980, encompassing the thirty-year period when the . These brave brands fought the good fight, in their failures paving the way for an entire second act in local American beer-brewing. Shipments dropped from 4.6 million barrels in 2011 to 3.5 million in 2016. Brewmaster Leopold Schmidt founded Olympia Brewing Co., then Capital Brewing Company, in 1986 in an area with several natural artesian wells. > Year introduced: 1905 > Year introduced: 1860 Miller didnt invent light beer. Wiedemann's success eventually led to its sale to G. Heileman Brewing Co. of LaCrosse, Wis. Heileman shut down the Wiedemann brewery in 1983 and sold off the rights to the Wiedemann name. Ballantine IPA Today, the flagship beer is the Deer Brand, which was developed just before the Prohibition era. In 1989 Bud Light sold over 10 million barrels for the first time and the sales have been increasing ever since. SCHAEFER By the 70s, he says, these insular realms were entrenched in crippling competition with Big Beer, and when the 90s dawned, there were only a handful of indie brewers still successfully defending their local shelf-space from the constant threat of homogenous, homogenized brew. Great Cincinnati beers such as those George Wiedemann used to make. Falstaff's St. Louis brewery was the first to fall, with the rest going down in succession until the Fort Wayne facility closed in 1990. Legendary sportscaster Harry Caray was a fan, and would plug Falstaff on-air. Prior to the 1980s, imported beers in the US were something of a novelty. The one that caught our eye, and inspired us to look into what happened to some of the favorites mentioned, was Ballantine. Yuengling is the . Shutterstock. Kalmanovitz did what any good corporate raider does and started cutting jobs and closing facilities. Want Falstaff back? > Year introduced: 1878 Schaefer Then something changed. It is one of several formerly independent brews now under the Pabst umbrella. So what happened? As a young 20 something, he moved to the United States around 1852, where he worked in Philadelphia, Cincinnati, and then St. Louis. If a drinker isn't that attached to Meister Brau, a Miller Lite will do in a pinch. Its Miss Rheingold contest blazed the trail on disguising crowd-sourced sexy photos as "marketing". Well over a century before many of these brewed a drop, however, there was Narragansett Brewing Company. Newark was a center of regional brewing activity when my grandfather was with Ballantine, with Newark's Gottfried Kruger Brewing giving America its first beer can on Jan. 24, 1935. Pioneering and prescient, Goose Island introduced America to barrel-aged stouts before bourbon had even regained popularity in its homeland. > Parent company: Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV. Anchor Steam Beer derives its name from a unique brewing process characteristic of a bygone era. Modeled after European-style pilsners and marketed as a beer for connoisseurs, Michelob Original Lager was first brewed in 1896 in St. Louis, Missouri. 10 Oldest Breweries in America - Oldest.org Nor, indeed, did it even invent Miller Lite. Twenty-five years on, it outsells everything else from the brewery. Upon its inception in 1903 by Frederick Miller of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the pilsner was considered more of a luxury than an ordinary brew. Its Miss Rheingold contest blazed the trail on disguising crowd-sourced sexy photos as "marketing".Present-day status: Sold into irrelevance, then nostalgically dredged back to the surface by my father's former boss, R is available -- albeit sparsely -- throughout the Tri-State area these days. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. > Year introduced: 1884 Although Bells may be better known nowadays in the craft beer industry for its Two Hearted Pale Ale, the Michigan-based brewer was known for its innovative reproduction of classic UK-based beer styles in the 1980s, like Porters, Stouts, and Brown Ales. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0 . Weinhards Private Reserve America's 30 Oldest Beers - 24/7 Wall St. Hamms > State of origin: Rhode Island Produced seasonally, it is one of Bells most sought-after beers, and this award-winning Brown Ale has a malty backbone with hints of chocolate, caramel, and subtle dried fruits. Needless to say, Bud Light came out on top and consistently ranks as the top-selling beer in America. Kudos to Minhas and others for keeping Dixie afloat, but only when its kettles are boiling in New Orleans again and it returns to every store and bar that wants it will Dixie be "back.". Rheingold faded from view until 1998, when a small business concern bought the brand and relaunched it with an eye toward the tattooed young creative folk who were just starting to populate the beer's old home in Brooklyn. This process of warm beer cooling in the cold air would create clouds of steam. Budweiser Yuengling Lord Chesterfield Ale & Porter > State of origin: Missouri Unlike cans, which had been used by brands like Guinness for decades, Milk Stout Nitro bottles require no widget. 16. In the entire beer market, it now controls over 18% of the market, in comparison to traditional Budweiser which holds only a 6.5% share. Its bullish malt liquor, however, is distributed more widely. , but there's a lot more to bringing back Dixie than just having it exist. Strohs was the third largest brewer in the United States in 1984, but the brand has since lost significant market share. > State of origin: Minnesota Today, it is the second largest brewery in Pennsylvania and the 15th largest American-owned brewery in the country. By 1972 Meister Brau had sold its labels to Miller Brewing, which relaunched Meister Brau Lite as "Lite Beer from Miller" in 1973 and packed its commercials with athletes to get men to drink it. Aside from stopping production during the 13 years of Prohibition, the brewing of Primo stopped for a decade in 1997. This is a brewery that rode out Prohibition in St. Louis by selling near-beer and ham. But its not just about the Pale Ales and IPA. More: We made a beer sommelier taste and rank a bunch of 40s. But Lone Star also lays claim to the state's first mechanized brewery, plus bragging rights as one of the brands to which Adolphus Busch (yes, that Busch) lent his magic touch.Present-day status: Purchased by Pabst -- do these guys own everything?! SNPA is known for its bright, piney, and floral flavors with a pleasing bitter bite it tastes as good today as it did way back in 1981 and is the benchmark by which all other American Pale Ales are measured. Originally called Eagle Brewery, the name was changed to Yuengling & Son in 1873. 1934: 756 brewers back in operation. The 90s and early 2000s would see the craft beer market further explode and would soon see over 1000 craft breweries in the US, with a range of beer styles available to rival even the European beer nations like Germany or Belgium. Pabst Brewing Co. bought the Primo brand in 1999 and resumed production in 2007, after Pabst partnered with Kauais Keoki Brewing Co. to bring the classic drink back. This is arguably the beer that kicked off the whole American craft beer revolution. With Miller in second place, the top two brewers in the land now controlled over 50% of the entire US beer production. , we ended up hearing from a lot of long-time beer drinkers out there who still lament the loss of their beloved labels. What follows is a primer on 23 American beers of yesteryear: formerly glorious brews that are either dead & gone, drastically enfeebled or -- in a few improbable cases -- still thriving today.
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