It was also found that as the number of cycles increased, crystallized salt first filled the tiny pores and then the large pores. represent the outstanding achievement of Buddhist cave art in China in the 5th and 6th centuries. This page was last edited on 12 September 2013, at 17:54. The change rate of the wave velocity of Group A was lower than that of Group B, indicating that the salt crystallization had a great effect on the pores or fissures in the feldspar sandstone, consistent with the results corresponding to the saturated water absorption. X. J. Luo, W. D. Yang, R. X. Li et al., Effects of pH on the solubility of the feldspar and the development of secondary porosity, Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology andGeochemistry, vol. Yungang Grottoes | Discover 1500 years of History in 254 Caves Figure 11 shows the XRD patterns of the Group A and Group B feldspar sandstones after dry-wet cycles. 282, no. (2)At the micro/mesoscopic level, the Group A and B feldspar sandstones had decreased relative content of feldspar, increased relative content of kaolinite, enlarged microscopic pores, more microcracks, and larger surface height deviations. Cave 15 was named the Cave of Ten Thousand Buddha. Second, there was the reaction between the sulfate ions and the feldspar sandstone components, as shown in formula (, The mechanism of the salt-rock interaction was that of the interaction between the salt solution and the feldspar sandstone. 595609, 2014. The above macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the feldspar sandstone subjected to dry-wet cycles were also a manifestation of the damage to the feldspar sandstone from another perspective. The Monumental and Mysterious Silbury Hill, Debunking the Myths of Ancient Sparta (Video), Viking Burial, Sword, and Treasure Unearthed During Home Remodeling Excavation, Beyond Myth and Legend: Tracing the Footsteps of Unicorns in Ancient Cultures, Riding the Seas: Kelpies, Hippocampus, and More Monstrous Horses, Fact or Fiction? The Five Caves, with their strict unity of layout and design, were created by Tan Yao and remain masterpieces of Chinese Buddhist art's first peak period. Cave 6 has a large square central pillar carved in the shape . The amount of stress readjustment of the Group B feldspar sandstone increased with the increase in the number of dry-wet cycles with salt-rock interaction, indicating the nonuniform structural damage to the Group B feldspar sandstone. The lateral deformation field of the feldspar sandstone was observed by a digital speckle observation system, which mainly included a charge coupled device (CCD) camera, an analog -to -digital (A/D) converter, and a computer (PC) end. The Yungang Grottoes Site, formerly called Wuzhoushan Grottoes, is built at the foot of Wuzhou Mountain on the western side of Datong City. All of the grottoes were excavated in the fifth and sixth centuries along a one-kilometer stretch following the contours of the mountains. They made the city of Pingcheng (), now known as Datong (), their capital. In 494, the Wei moved their capital from Datong to Luoyang and the Yungang Grottoes slowly fell into decay. About Yungang Grottoes. The statues of the Yungang Grottoes were completed in sixty years (460-525); this period marks the peak of development in Buddhist cave art of the Northern Wei dynasty. 8, pp. The uniform distribution stage was located in the initial stage of the stress-strain curve, for which the shear strain was small and uniformly distributed. In the past decade, the Datong Municipal Government has intensified its efforts to protect the Yungang Grottoes. They also developed a comprehensive conservation plan to prevent deterioration caused by visitors and the environment, according to Zhang. "[1] It is classified as a AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration. In addition, the diffraction intensity and the relative content of the K-feldspar and illite in Group A and Group B were low, and those of kaolinite were high. Yungang grottoes (article) | China | Khan Academy The Five Caves, with their strict unity of layout and design, were created by Tan Yao and remain masterpieces of Chinese Buddhist art's first peak period. The first Buddhist commandments were created initially in the Caowei regime (220-265AD); Buddhism even spread to the south of . Before the scanning, the feldspar sandstone (a cube with sides of approximately 10mm) was fixed on the stage with fixing glue, and the surface was sprayed with a gold coating of 510nm. (f) Point 4. The clay minerals in the unit had the characteristics of water swelling. The unit contained a large amount of soluble minerals such as feldspar or kaolinite. 470481, 2005. The site stretches about 1 kilometer from east to west and was hollowed from the sandstone cliffs of the Wuzhou Mountains during the 5th century CE under the patronage of the Northern Wei dynasty. And with an extraordinary history of over 1,500 years old, Yungang Grottoes is a gem to visit. Grotto No 5 contains a seated Buddha at a height of 17 meters. Yungang Grottoes. The variation patterns of the macroscopic physical and mechanical parameters as well as the micro/mesoscopic structures of the two groups of feldspar sandstone with the number of dry-wet cycles were measured. An experimental method was used that combined laboratory dry-wet cycle tests and macro-micro/mesoscopic observation to obtain the macroscopic physical and mechanical properties (e.g., saturated water absorption, longitudinal wave velocity, strength, elastic modulus, and deformation) as well as the variation patterns of the microstructure and the mesoscopic roughness of feldspar sandstone after wet-wet cycles. When the clay minerals experienced water swelling, a large number of secondary cracks were produced. Such damage to the feldspar sandstone had a specific directionality. The increase in the surface roughness also indicated from another angle that the damage to the feldspar sandstone caused by the dry-wet cycles was increasingly aggravated. The peak strength of the feldspar sandstone was greatly affected by the dry-wet cycles. "And we are told the history and stories behind every detail. The game of cuju was first mentioned in the Zhan Guo Ce (under State of Qi's section) and later in the Sima Qian's Shiji (under Su Qin's biography), written during the Han Dynasty. The conclusion drawn from surface roughness analysis is essentially the same as the variation pattern of the macroscopic mechanical properties. Buddhist statues at Yungang Grottoes. Extensive research revealed that the white salt was sulfate [14, 15]. Their Origins May Surprise You, 11 Mysterious Human Species That Most People Dont Know Existed, Do you dare enter a fairy ring? Buddhism arrived in this location via travel on the ancient North Silk Road, the northernmost route of about 2600 kilometres in length, which connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an to the west over the Wushao Ling Pass to Wuwei and emerging in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia. Apparent properties of the feldspar sandstones (group A) after a water-rock dry-wet cycle. One solution is to apply nanomaterial coatings on the walls of the caves to prevent them from being eroded by wind and water. Table 3 shows the measured values of the height deviations Sa of the Group A and B feldspar sandstones after the dry-wet cycles. Studies [. As the stress-strain curve entered the linear elastic phase, the stress level rose, which compacted the sample and caused microcracks to appear. It can be seen from Figure 13 that after 0 to 5 dry-wet cycles, there was a small amount of near-spherical salt crystals in the pores or fissures. 27, pp. S. P. Ma, L. G. Wang, and Y. H. Zhao, Experimental study on deformation field evolution during failure procedure of a rock borehole structure, Rock and Soil Mechanics, vol. The Yungang Grottoes are excellent examples of Buddhist cave art, dating from the 5th and 6th centuries. When the first emperor assumed the throne, Buddhism flourished and in 460 the monk Tan Yao started the carving of the Five Caves; since then, these grottoes have become the centre of Buddhist art in North China. It is calculated aswhere , and M and N are the length and width, respectively, of the three-dimensional surface image; is the height at the point . The site stretches about 1 kilometer from east to west and was hollowed from the sandstone cliffs of the Wuzhou Mountains during the 5th century CE under the patronage of the Northern Wei dynasty. Based on the above analysis, there were cementing materials dominated by feldspar minerals around the quartz particles. 11, pp. http://www.tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php?title=Yungang_Grottoes&oldid=76696. Stress-strain curves of the feldspar sandstones after a dry-wet cycle. The composition of the single quartz particle as the core surrounded by various components of the matrix was regarded as a simple unit of feldspar sandstone. In 1965, the Datong Municipal Government issued and implemented the Programs for the Protection Scope and Safety of the Yungang Grottoes. The peak strength and elastic modulus gradually decreased, with the maximum variation rate reaching 48.53%, 73.44%, 26.61%, and 72.39%. Yungang is a relic of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534) of the nomadic Toba people. A. R. Ismail, M. Z. Jaafar, W. R. W. Sulaiman, I. Ismail, and N. Y. Shiunn, Identification of sandstone core damage using scanning electron microscopy, in Proceedings of the Advanced Materials Conference, vol. Why Were the Yungang Grottoes Built and Stopped? Yungang Grottoes was added to the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage list in 2001. Now boasting a number of expert researchers and devoted preservation workers, the academy is in a better position to maintain the authenticity of the grottoes with more scientific and systematic measures. Cave 5 interior, smaller standing Buddha giving the Abhaya mudr; The Yungang Grottoes are located 16 km west of Datong and comprise about 53 caves and 51,000 statues. As described in this section, the NM-4B nonmetal ultrasonic detection analyzer was used to measure the longitudinal wave velocities of the Group A and Group B feldspar sandstone after different numbers of dry-wet cycles. The standard samples were immersed in the prepared erosion solution to carry out the dry-wet cycle tests with water-rock interaction (Group A) and salt-rock interaction (Group B). In this section, the principle of roughness measurement is introduced to characterize the degree of damage to the feldspar sandstone. Accidental Find of Impeccably Preserved Ming Dynasty Taizhou Mummy, Ambushes and Betrayals: 7 Assassinations that Shook the Ancient World, Stealing History: 10 of the Most Tragic Artifact Thefts in History, Empire Builders: Ancient Leaders Who Shaped History (Video), Dies Sanguinis: Rome's Day of Blood, Sacrifice & Military Might, Tall el-Hammam: Is This Ancient City the Real Sodom? This is an open access article distributed under the, Since the sandstone samples in this study were made of feldspar sandstone, the K-Na feldspar in the unit chemically reacted with water to form kaolinite (formula (. //Grottoes created to unify ethnic groups - PressReader This collection was produced during the Donghan dynasty and unearthed from the Guangling grave in Jiangsu province. Past researchers [20, 21] used micro/mesoscopic observation equipment to study the destruction mechanism of modified materials such as cement mortar and mudstone, and the relationship between their research results and the macroscopic destruction mechanism was widely recognized. 51474121). This provided a reference for the stability of the rock mass or pillar [17]. It was concluded from the above tests that the dry-wet cycle could cause a certain degree of damage to the apparent properties and physical properties of the feldspar sandstone. (2)Second, there was the reaction between the sulfate ions and the feldspar sandstone components, as shown in formula (4). The Sakyamuni statue is representative of the Buddha sculptures of the Yungang Grottoes. It can be clearly seen from the apparent morphology of the feldspar sandstone after no dry-wet cycles that the composition of the feldspar sandstone included quartz particles and minerals such as feldspar. Compared with the attributes of the Group A feldspar sandstone, the diffraction intensity and relative content of the feldspar in the Group B feldspar sandstone decreased and those of the kaolinite in the Group B increased. 3D Scanning and Digital Conservation Efforts of the Yungang Grottoes
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