Efficient knowledge sharing is an important support for the continuous innovation and sustainable development of scientific research teams. High-fibre dietspromoting SCFA production by the gut microbiotaare a promising intervention to overcome maternal-obesity-induced impairment of cognitive and social functions [66]. Nat Ecol Evol 4(8):999, Pisupati B (2019) Science diplomacy: COVID-19 and beyond. Thus, as science plays a crucial role in development, it would help create a sustainable society that could be resilient and prepared to face the new challenges of tomorrow. Princeton University. Many research studies today involve statisticians from their inception to assure the quality of the studys design. Curr Hist 119(820):303309. The majority of mood and anxiety studies, on the other hand, have relied on pre-clinical animal models [8]. In (ostensible) opposition to basic research is applied research, which is centered around filling a need established prior to the start of . CAS Google Scholar, Johnson AJ, Vangay P, Al-Ghalith GA, Hillmann BM, Ward TL, Shields-Cutler RR, Kim AD, Shmagel AK, Syed AN, Walter J et al (2019) Daily sampling reveals personalized diet-microbiome associations in humans. From a brain health perspective, microbiota-immune interactions are of interest due to the systemic low-grade inflammation often seen in neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, and metabolic disorders. These problems are augmented by the COVID-19 pandemic and may be experienced more in science-lagging countries. Another possibility is to recruit subjects who share the same household or live in a care home, for example, where they tend to eat the same foods. Mitigating losses: how scientific organisations can help - Nature Cryan JF, ORiordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, Codagnone MG, Cussotto S, Fulling C, Golubeva AV et al (2019) The microbiotagutbrain axis. Similarly, there is lack of knowledge about disease biomarkers and whether they may be reversed through treatment or dietary interventions. Private investors often support their clinical research. In studies of personalised interventions based on intestinal microbiota composition and activity, an unhealthy diet, for example, may negate the potential beneficial effects of a dietary supplement. History of science | Definition, Natural Philosophy - Britannica Finally, the paper proposes how future meaningful progress can be made, which should benefit researchers active in fundamental and clinical gutbrain research from a multi or transdisciplinary perspective (including doctors and possibly patients/care takers), professionals in the mental health care, as well as research funders, food industry and investors. Experiences so far highlight the need to rethink and redesign the approach to clinical studies in a way that facilitates the integration of standardised methods and models from all fields of study related to the microbiotagutbrain axis. Neurobiol Stress 7:124136, Appleton J (2018) The gutbrain axis: influence of microbiota on mood and mental health. Who benefits from a country's scientific research? - ScienceDirect One of the most studied mechanisms patterning the radial axis is the one controlling the formation of the cortex and the endodermis root tissues. While there is now considerable evidence that the microbiotagutbrain axis plays an important role in mental and cognitive health, human clinical studies have as yet provided few clear answers to one burning question. could provide greater insight into the associations between pathways regulating brain health and function, the gut microbiota, and symptoms of mood disorders commonly found across different population cohorts. The following authors: LG, LH, PI, ADK, MM, CS, DV declare that they have no competing interests. Research suggests that certain bacteria produce [13] or metabolise [50] dopamine. In: Medium, Jewett BE, Sharma S: Physiology, GABA. Does application of mitomycin C improves the outcome in patient of corrosive esophageal strictures? Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. A good research question (RQ) forms backbone of a good research, which in turn is vital in unraveling mysteries of nature and giving insight into a problem. Lpez-Vergs, S., Urbani, B., Fernndez Rivas, D. et al. A practical measure to enable equal opportunities for synchronous interactions is to subsidise internet access for participants in a specific event as fees might be unaffordable in some countries (Table 1)Footnote 12. Scientific research cooperation: Why collaborate in science? Benefits Nature 582(7812):313314. Nat Human Behav 4(9):880883, The Royal Society. It should also guide in avoiding deceptive practices in research. Generating research questions through problematization. For example, there have been extensive studies of the causal role of the microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is associated with an increased susceptibility to Parkinsons disease [33, 34]. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Environment, Development and Sustainability (2023), Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) Life Sci. Elife 9:1, Blaak EE, Canfora EE, Theis S, Frost G, Groen AK, Mithieux G, Nauta A, Scott K, Stahl B, van Harsselaar J et al (2020) Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health. Description and classification: This type of question encompasses statement of uniqueness, for example, what are characteristics and types of neuropathic bladders? The GYA and NYAs work together to increase scientific collaborations in different regions and suggest solutions from ECRs to address globally important issues. Formulation of research question (RQ) is an essentiality before starting any research. Each general question should lead to more specific questions (e.g., how hormone levels differ among isolated hypospadias with respect to that in normal population), Narrow the scope and focus of research (e.g., assessment of reproductive hormone levels among isolated hypospadias and hypospadias those with associated anomalies), Once question has been framed, one should evaluate it. For centuries, no one had been able to say for sure that a Madonna and Child painting, often attributed to Raphael, had been directly created by the great Renaissance master himself. What if dietary influences on the gut microbiota could both relieve GI irritation and calm anxiety and hyperactivity? However, while such strategies that target the gut microbiota to influence brain health and function are currently under development with varying levels of success, still very little is yet known about the triggers and mechanisms underlying the gut microbiotas apparent influence on cognitive or brain function and most evidence comes from pre-clinical studies rather than well controlled clinical trials/investigations. ADS Microbiome 8(1):53, Zheng J, Wittouck S, Salvetti E, Franz C, Harris HMB, Mattarelli P, OToole PW, Pot B, Vandamme P, Walter J et al (2020) A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae. The next step is to understand the mechanisms behind those associations and how they are influenced by dietary habits, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors. A general tendency to conduct pre-clinical and clinical studies within the silos of individual disciplines also compounds these limitations and, at the same time, rules out the opportunities created by multi-disciplinary collaboration. One study has observed how the transplantation of microbes from a human diagnosed with ASD induced-like behaviour in mice [72]. Nature 581(7809):365366, Zhou Y, Wang F, Tang J, Nussinov R, Cheng F (2020) Artificial intelligence in COVID-19 drug repurposing. Write down the RQ as completely as possible. Pharmacol Rev 71(2):198224, de Wouters DA, Rastelli M, Van Hul M, Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Everard A (2021) Gut microbes participate in food preference alterations during obesity. 1.5: Scientific Investigations - Biology LibreTexts The participation of regional or national scientists, including early (and middle) career researchers (ECRs), during decisions, and in science communication activities with the public could increase the understanding and trust on science and on measures based on scientific evidence. Are testable and measurable by the proposed experiments. - Are the results important Relevance. Front Aging Neurosci 13:40, Romano S, Savva GM, Bedarf JR, Charles IG, Hildebrand F, Narbad A (2021) Meta-analysis of the Parkinsons disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. [9,10] For example, effect of administration of folic acid tablet in the perinatal period in decreasing incidence of neural tube defect. There is a growing number of association studies exploring the gut microbiotas possible role in memory, learning, anxiety, stress, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. At present, studies of dietary habits rely on subjects to provide data by filling out food frequency questionnaires, 24-h recalls, food checklists, diet histories, and food diaries which require large and complicated data analyses and experienced dieticians or nutritionists to accurately extrapolate the data [116]. Scientific hypothesis | Definition, Formulation, & Example The formulation and testing of a hypothesis is part of the scientific method, the approach scientists use when attempting to understand and test ideas about natural phenomena. Journalist and communication consultant Cath Mersh received funding for her writing services from the above-mentioned Task Forces. Grant agreement no. Is there a unique area that is yet to be investigated or is there a particular question that may be worth replicating? 2. Other examples are the ONCOBIOME [147] and MICROB-PREDICT [148] projects, funded by Horizon 2020 to investigate the microbiomes role in cancer development and chronic liver disease, respectively. The research reported is the result of a scientific evaluation in line with ILSI Europes framework to provide a precompetitive setting for public-private partnerships. In the context of the microbiotagutbrain axis, noteworthy neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). [6] For example: For example, Evaluation of reproductive hormonal profile in children presenting with isolated hypospadias). A gut feeling or the sensation of butterflies in the stomach are common illustrations of how a response in the brain is felt in the gut. More recently, focus has been extended to the role of the gut microbiota (referring to the trillions of microorganisms and viruses residing in the gut) [2, 4,5,6], creating considerable excitement with findings that suggest specific intestinal microorganisms (the greatest amount of information comes from studies of bacteria) may be associated with memory [7], learning [7], stress [8], and mood [6, 9, 10]and even neurodevelopmental [11, 12] and neurodegenerative disorders [2]. The definition by Atwater et al. Scientists have similarly used such animal models to investigate the immunological effects of specific microbes in the gut microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 82(12):36493658, Takada M, Nishida K, Gondo Y, Kikuchi-Hayakawa H, Ishikawa H, Suda K, Kawai M, Hoshi R, Kuwano Y, Miyazaki K et al (2017) Beneficial effects of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on academic stress-induced sleep disturbance in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches. Kolb's Learning Styles & Experiential Learning Cycle - Simply Psychology This has a higher effect on ECRs whose salaries generally depend directly on their grants or fellowships (Bgin-Caouette et al., 2020; Introductions to the Community: Early-Career Researchers in the Time of COVID-19, 2020). Over the past decade, the involvement of the gut microbiota in gutbrain communication has become the focus of increased scientific interest, establishing the microbiotagutbrain axis as a field of research. Modern Trends Psychiatry 32:100112, Phillips MCL, Deprez LM, Mortimer GMN, Murtagh DKJ, McCoy S, Mylchreest R, Gilbertson LJ, Clark KM, Simpson PV, McManus EJ et al (2021) Randomized crossover trial of a modified ketogenic diet in Alzheimers disease. The contribution of specific microbes to brain development during early life. While some researchers might have focused during telecommuting and lockdown periods on data analysis and publication writing, there is evidence that the existing gender gap in academia (Oleschuk, 2020; Viglione, 2020) has increased with the pandemic. Boosting research without supporting universities is wrong-headed. Transl Psychiatry 10(1):382, Boehme M, Guzzetta KE, Bastiaanssen TFS, van de Wouw M, Moloney GM, Gual-Grau A, Spichak S, Olavarra-Ramrez L, Fitzgerald P, Morillas E et al (2021) Microbiota from young mice counteracts selective age-associated behavioral deficits. Psychiatry abnormpsy - Ch. Compliance with this standard ensures not only that the rights, safety, and well-being of trial subjects are protected, but also that the data is credible. 825410. National Library of Medicine Once RQ is formulated, a Hs can be developed. Root Radial Axis. In addition, 90% of tryptophan in the intestinal tract is metabolised along the kynurenine pathway. One such project is the five-year multi-centre GEMMA project funded by the EUs Horizon 2020 programme [145]. FOIA Before Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Evidence-Based Outcomes for PAX. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications Increasing evidence supports the concept of bi-directional communication between the neuroendocrine system and gut microbiota. Then, the continuously changing scientific information can be better understood and accepted, and thus, used for measures during and after the pandemic. How do dietary supplements exert their apparent effect(s) on stress, mood, and cognition [18, 19]? We might label a preschooler's curious question, a high school student's answer on a physics exam, and scientists' progress in mapping the human genome as instances of scientific thinking. Great opportunities also lie in the development of methods that track, for example, how neurotransmitters travel from the gut through the BBB in response to neuroinflammatory processes. Appropriate statistical calculations are instituted to generate sample size. Nutrients 8:1, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G (2017) Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the microbiotagutbrain axis. It should establish a clear purpose for the research in relation to the chosen field. This perspective paper offers a short introduction to the microbiotagutbrain axis, the knowledge and research so far and the considerable remaining gaps in the understanding of causes and mechanisms. Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution. Brain Behav Immun 48:186194, Kelly JR, Borre YCOB, Patterson E, El Aidy S, Deane J, Kennedy PJ, Beers S, Scott K, Moloney G et al (2016) Transferring the blues: depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. CAS Cell 177(6):1600-1618.e1617, Roussin L, Prince N, Perez-Pardo P, Kraneveld AD, Rabot S, Naudon L (2020) Role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder: clinical and preclinical evidence. Front Neurol 10:727, Strandwitz P (2018) Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota. Indeed, bioinformatics holds the key to integrating large, multi-dimensional datasets and, from that, gaining a better understanding of their clinical significance. Amadei et al., 2021 Mouse and human - blastoids Rivron et al., 2018 In particular, EPS-blastoids are generated from extended pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs), pluripotent SCs cultured under conditions which enable both embryonic and extraembryonic developmental potential, as well as TSCs. Indeed, studies of faecal microbiota transplants in transgenic mouse models point to a causal relationship between intestinal microbiota, protein aggregation and cognitive problems [84,85,86]. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. ADS Therefore sound research evidence which tells . Funded by EU Horizon 2020 research & innovation programme. 825694. https://microb-predict.eu, European Life Sciences Institute (ILSI Europe). Thus, the gut microbiota is modifiable by diet and specific dietary components, and it plays a key role in shaping the composition and activity of the microbiota from birth, which impacts lifelong health [24,25,26,27]. Use your research to answer these questions. The research question in social research: What is its role? Furthermore, these issues would also impact higher education as ECRs have a relevant role in teaching/education, especially at the undergraduate level and the formation of new researchers. Members of these task forces are listed on the ILSI Europe website. LG, MM: overall management, conception, design, and revision of the work. BMJ Nutr Prevent Health 3(2):351362, Ng QX, Peters C, Ho CYX, Lim DY, Yeo WS (2018) A meta-analysis of the use of probiotics to alleviate depressive symptoms. Continuous investment from the public and private sector is vital to keep up the momentum. As the primary objective of this paper is to highlight the means for taking research to the next level of discovery, current microbiotagutbrain axis knowledge is only briefly summarised here. Scientists have successfully documented countless associations between the gut microbiota and brain disorders. This is to realize if these would be effective RQs or if they need more revising, Is RQ clear? These are, perhaps, realisable dreams. ILSI Europe facilitated scientific meetings and coordinated the overall project management and administrative tasks relating to the completion of this work. Kishore J, Vasundhra S, Anand T. Formulation of a research question. It may aim at confirming or refuting the already established findings, establish new facts, or find new aspects of the established facts. https://globalyoungacademy.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/GYA-WiS-Paper-May2020.pdf - This open-access booklet was introduced at the S20 Women in Science webinar (G20 Science Summit) in September 2020: https://globalyoungacademy.net/gya-members-help-shape-the-g20-science-20-summit/, The National Young Academy of Nepal survey on the state of ECRs in Nepal NaYAN - Download (youngacademynepal.org), ECR advocacy during the pandemic, Cameroon Academy of Young Scientists (CAYS) https://globalyoungacademy.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Report-of-CAYS-webinar-series-Sep2020.pdf; Israel Young Academy http://www.young.academy.ac.il/SystemFiles/ENG%202020-11-13%20IYA-COVID.pdf; Hungarian Young Academy https://globalyoungacademy.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/HYA-Covid-statement.pdf; The Young Academy of The Netherlands https://www.scienceguide.nl/2020/04/reward-and-appreciate-solidarity-in-times-of-crisis/; Young Academy of Europe http://yacadeuro.org/survey-on-the-impact-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-researchers/, The Science Diplomacy in South Asia workshop had participants from 7/8 South Asian countries. The axis refers to the anterior-posterior axis and the dorsal-ventral axis of the embryo. Disturbances in both systems have been associated with disorders such as depression and irritable bowel syndrome [36]. Recent data from more than 9000 adults of different ages show that, as individuals age, the gut microbiome becomes increasingly unique, increasingly different from others, starting in mid-to-late adulthood. Potential problems and solutions while making research question. Their purpose is to promote progress in the field by supporting scientific integrity and transparency, harmonising scientific efforts, and providing guidance for collaborative and multi-disciplinary research. Microbiome 8(1):140, Kundu P, Lee HU, Garcia-Perez I, Tay EXY, Kim H, Faylon LE, Martin KA, Purbojati R, Drautz-Moses DI, Ghosh S et al (2019) Neurogenesis and prolongevity signaling in young germ-free mice transplanted with the gut microbiota of old mice. For example, filling a gap in knowledge, analyzing academic assumptions or professional practice, monitoring a development in practice, comparing different approaches, or testing theories within a specific population are some of the relevant RQs. AC, GLF, EP, BP are employees of the food industry, as declared under affiliation. But the possibilities are undeniable. To name but a few, predictive maintenance, user modeling, network . More studies are necessary to confirm this. Benef Microbes 8(2):153162, Schmidt K, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ, Tzortzis G, Errington S, Burnet PW (2015) Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers. Through decades of research, scientists have established the strong connection between the gut and brain, modulated by neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, and immune mediators (for details, we kindly direct readers towards extensive reviews [1,2,3]. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Trends Neurosci 39(11):763781, Cohen Kadosh K, Basso M, Knytl P, Johnstone N, Lau JYF, Gibson GR (2021) Psychobiotic interventions for anxiety in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis, with youth consultation. To overcome this limitation, there is a need for robust and reliable humanised rodent models [136]. CAS The mere recognition of regularities does not exhaust the full meaning of science, however. RQs should not be answerable with a simple yes or no or by easily found facts. Very recently though, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) approved Akkermansia muciniphila as a novel food [151]. Transl Res J Lab Clin Med 179:223244, CAS How does the gut microbiota influence brain development [13] and function [14]? Although these hormone-like neurotransmitters are not solely produced in the gut, the gut microbiota is thought to play a role in their modulation. The authors wish to thank all workshop participants for their valuable input. https://cordis.europa.eu, GEMMA Multi-Omics Research in Autism. Nevertheless, the lack of in-person interactions may not allow sufficient networking opportunities for the initiation of collaborations, or career opportunities for ECRs, especially outside their countries, often a scientific training step for ECRs from low- and middle-income countries (Fleming, 2020; Porpiglia et al., 2020; Termini and Traver, 2020). Given these unprecedented times in global science, many international scientific organisations, policymakers, scientific communities, and private stakeholders have strengthened their collaborations in response to the pandemic (Ziegler, 2020). Retrieved July 8, 2021, from https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/access-to-covid-19-tools-(act)-accelerator, Blint E, Csuka D, Venglovecz V, Schlosser G, Lzr Z, Gselmann E, Alpr D, Solymosi K (2021) Six reasons to launch a Young Academy. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 7(1):27, Xu M, Xu X, Li J, Li F (2019) Association between gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nr2f1 , Nr2f2 , Meis1 , and Meis2 gene family members were identified by our approach, and double knockouts of each family demonstrated previously unknown requirements for body axis and/or limb formation. Complex gaps in existing knowledge include: The immunological effects of specific microbes in the human gut microbiota and their role in neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, to do this, it is necessary to create or strengthen specific platforms for experts to interact with decision-makers at the national and international levels, especially in the Global South.
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